Marine instruments deployed in seawater inevitably experience biofouling, which severely reduces their service life and hinders ocean monitoring. Marine biofouling greatly affects the service life of marine optical instruments and thus has a detrimental impact on ocean monitoring. The fouling community exhibits an attachment succession phenomenon. Macroscopic fouling organisms have adherent and stubborn attachments, whereas microorganisms during early fouling stages are easy to remove, but excessive cleaning also greatly increases energy consumption. Therefore, monitoring biofouling and selecting appropriate removal timing is critical. Due to the complex and dynamic nature of the marine environment, in-situ detection of microbial fouling on optical window of marine optical instrument is challenging because of many factors such as target characteristics, seawater turbidity, light refraction and scattering. Currently, there are no mature technologies available for in-situ fouling detection so as to remove timely micro fouling. To solve this problem, this study deployed thin poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) coupons within the coastal seawaters of Qingdao, followed by in-situ mapping of photoacoustic signals using a self-built excitation and detection platform, along with along with of transmittance spectrum analysis on fouled PMMA thin films using PerkinElmer LAMBDA750. By combining results from both techniques with microscopic morphology analysis, we explored the relationship between microbial fouling and photoacoustic signal. The research results will provide a novel approach and technical basis for in-situ detection and timely clearance of microbial fouling on optical windows of marine optical instruments.
Accurate measurement of photosensitizer concentration in real-time in vivo bladder tissue was beneficial for improving the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy and achieving precise treatment of bladder tumor. In this paper, the potential ability of a transurethral photoacoustic imaging technique in visualizing and monitoring the photosensitizer concentration in the photodynamic therapy of bladder was evaluated. A bladder tissue optical model was established, and 3D Monte Carlo light transport method was coupled to calculate the photoacoustic signal. Photoacoustic signals in different photosensitizer concentrations were recorded. Results illustrated that a clear linearity between the photoacoustic signal intensity and photosensitizer concentration can be observed. It revealed that the proposed transurethral photoacoustic imaging technique has the potential to estimate in vivo photosensitizer concentrations and to guide laser-induced photodynamic therapy of bladder tumor.
In recent years, photoacoustic imaging has become a new non-destructive medical imaging technology. In this paper, a photoacoustic imaging technology for human bladder cancer was proposed, which combined transurethral endoscopic photoacoustic excitation in bladder cavity with a transrectal photoacoustic signal detection. By establishing a three-dimensional( 3D) optical model of bladder tissue, the distribution of light energy deposition in the bladder tissue was obtained through the 3D Monte Carlo method. The velocity potential was used to calculate the photoacoustic signal, and the scanning photoacoustic image of bladder tissue was reconstructed. The results showed that the proposed photoacoustic imaging technique with transurethral photoacoustic excitation in bladder cavity was expected to detect early bladder cancer nondestructively.
Filtered back-projection (FBP) is a classic imaging method in photoacoustic tomography in both frequency and time domain. However, the FBP algorithm itself will produce large artifacts, especially under extremely low signal-to-noise ratio which makes the acquisition, analysis and processing of photoacoustic signals (PASs) more difficult. Traditional filtering methods may cause modal aliasing of the filtered signal, loss of effective information, and the introduction of new interference in the process of using de-noising algorithms, which increases the difficulty of signal extraction, so select the appropriate filtering method has become an important part of this imaging mode. In addition, many algorithms tend to ignore the phase delay caused by filtering, which has a great impact on the accuracy of cross-correlation processing and distance inversion. According to the physical and mathematical principles of each step of the algorithm, this paper introduces the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) algorithm to decompose the collected PASs, and puts forward the non-phase delay sifting proposal without introducing additional phase delay. A new strategy aimed at linear frequency modulation light sources under the framework of FBP algorithm. By keeping the center frequency of the ultrasonic transducer and the modulation signal unchanged, the validity of the algorithm is verified through experiments, which improved the reconstruction quality of the image. The new EMD strategy can effectively extract low signal-to-noise ratio of PASs and complete the photoacoustic tomographic reconstruction in FBP mode with higher quality.
Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography (UOT) combines optical and acoustic techniques, and has high spatial resolution of ultrasonic location and high sensitivity of optical detection. In this technique, a focused ultrasound is used to locate and label the scattered light. It determines the spatial resolution of UOT and the modulation efficiency of the scattering light. Four kinds of acousto-optic signals modulated by 1, 2.25, 5, and 10 MHz center frequencies of impulse ultrasound are obtained in this letter. The frequency spectrum of these four kinds of acousto-optic signals are achieved by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). By analyzing the spectrum information of acousto-optic signals modulated by ultrasound at different frequencies, we can find useful feature information and choose an appropriate parameter of ultrasonic probe to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity of UOT.
In recent years, bladder cancer has been a serious health concern around the world. As a rapidly growing imaging technique, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) was now being explored as an alternative for bladder imaging due to its non-invasive and non-ionizing nature. It was essential to know absorbed light distribution in bladder tissue which would influence the imaging depth and range of PAI. In the paper, optical model of human bladder was established, in which diffused light source was delivered through the urethra into the bladder cavity for endoscopic illumination. And Monte Carlo simulation method was adopted to calculate the light absorption distribution (LAD) in the bladder tissue. The shape and wavelength of light source were investigated in the simulation. The relevant conclusions would be significant for optimizing the light illumination in a PAI system for bladder cancer detection.
KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Prostate, Monte Carlo methods, Signal generators, Absorption, Imaging systems, Photoacoustic imaging, Tissue optics, Light sources, Signal detection
Photoacoustic image has recently emerged as a promising imaging modality for imaging prostate cancer.This paper made a qualitative analysis of photoacoustic signal generation according to the relationship between photoacoustic signal and the changes of light absorption energy. A 3D prostate optical model embedded tumors was established based on human prostate morphology through programming. The light energy distribution in the prostate with pulsed light was obtained by use of Monte Carlo method. The time-dependent spatial distribution of light absorption energy was obtained for photoacoustic signal generation at different positions. Comparison has been made between each other. Meanwhile, photoacoustic imaging experiment has been carried out. Our work might also be helpful for future simulation of photoacoustic imaging and investigation of detection sensitivity and imaging depth of photoacoustic imaging system.
Biological tissue is a kind of complex and highly scattering medium. The study of the ultrasound-modulated scattered light propagation in biological tissue is a fundamental problem that must be solved in acousto-optic tomography (AOT). Due to the action of the ultrasonic field, the optical properties of the scattering medium change with time-space, and the propagation of light in it becomes more complicated. In this paper, the finite element simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics is used to simulate the propagation of light in biological tissue under the action of different types of ultrasonic field. The effects of ultrasonic field distribution, ultrasonic intensity and frequency on the light diffusion in the scattered medium are studied. The relationship between the ultrasound-modulated scattering light and the optical properties of biological tissue is discussed. The numerical simulation results are in agreement with the experimental results.
The optical characteristics of absorption and scattering of irradiated tissue determine light spatial distribution and the
subsequent biological effects, which could decide the dosimetry for laser medical applications. Studys have shown that
the optical properties of bio-tissue could be determined through some fitting algorithms with spatially resolved diffuse
reflectance theory based on the measurement of diffuse reflectance. The regression of reflectance data with by diffusion
theory model was important for optical properties estimation. In the paper, the reflectance versus distance data acquired
from Monte Carlo method was by fit to diffusion theory model by the nonliear least-squares fitting algorithm to study the
produre and mothod of determination of optical properties. And attention was especially paid to the influence of the
radial step width Δr, length of radial distance rL and start value of radial distance r0 on the regression results.
Preliminary results indicated that the radial step width and length of radial distance rL both have little influence on the
fitting. Nevertheless, the start value of radial distance r0 of reflectance data has great influence on the fitting. Fitting
deviation would become little while the start value of radial distance r0 grow greater. and an appropriate r0 was important
for data fitting. Study also showd a more accurate light diffuse reflectance theoretical model was need for estimate the
optical parameters by fitting the diffuse reflectance data accurately. Our work maybe be helpful to the experiment
measurement of light diffuse reflectance data for noninvasive optical properties determination.
The incidence rate of the prostatic hyperplasia is increasing in near decade, early
detection is important for preventing the prostatic cancer (PCa). In this study, the images of
prostate and cavernous nerves were carried out using intrinsic fluorescence and scattering
properties of the tissues without any exogenous dye or contrast agent based on nonlinear optical
microscope. The texture feature and optical property of the interfibrillar substance in prostate
tissue were extracted and analyzed for charactering the prostate structure. It will be the feature
parameter to differentiate the normal, the inflammation or cancer of prostate tissue in clinical with
the application of miniature endoscope nonlinear optical microscope in vivo.
A 2-D Pennes' bioheat transfer mathmatical model was presented to study the temperature spatial distribution and its
time dynamic characteristic of human skin tissue irradiated by He-Ne laser. The non-linear bio-heat transfer equation
was solved by use of finite element analysis method. The temperature distribution simulation results in radial and axial
direction at different time was obtained. The effect of different laser power and the blood perfusion rate on the
temperature distribution of skin tissue was analyzed. This research method maybe provides possibility to predict thermal
damage of clinic laser surgery, and is helpful to inspect curative effect and choose medical laser parameters.
Diffusion theory was widely used as a basis of the experiments and methods in determining the optical properties of
biological tissues. A simple analytical solution could be obtained easily from the diffusion equation after a series of
approximations. Thus, a misinterpret of analytical solution would be made: while the effective attenuation coefficient of
several semi-infinite bio-tissues were the same, the distribution of light fluence in the tissues would be the same. In order
to assess the validity of knowledge above, depth resolved internal fluence of several semi-infinite biological tissues
which have the same effective attenuation coefficient were simulated with wide collimated beam in the paper by using
Monte Carlo method in different condition. Also, the influence of bio-tissue refractive index on the distribution of light
fluence was discussed in detail. Our results showed that, when the refractive index of several bio-tissues which had the
same effective attenuation coefficient were the same, the depth resolved internal fluence would be the same; otherwise,
the depth resolved internal fluence would be not the same. The change of refractive index of tissue would have affection
on the light depth distribution in tissue. Therefore, the refractive index is an important optical property of tissue, and
should be taken in account while using the diffusion approximation theory.
Although measurement of diffuse reflectance light can be used to determine the optical properties of tissue noninvasively,
great effort should be firstly devoted to the development of the relation between the reflectance and optical properties of
tissue in our opinion. In this paper, light diffuse reflectance by a tissue optical model with two-layered structure is
discussed by use of Monte Carlo method. The distribution of diffuse reflectance vs. emitting angle at different optical
properties of inner layer is calculated. In addition, the influence of the changing absorption coefficient, scattering
coefficient of the inner layer on the light diffuse reflectance from the surface is investigated and analyzed. The
simulation results show that the diffuse reflectance light is sensitive greatly to micro-change of optical properties
(absorption coefficient and scattering coefficient) of the inner layer which has small value of optical properties. We
believe that the results will be useful for the development of determination the optical parameters of bio-tissue in vivo.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.