The problem of overlap factor (OVF) computation and its near-range sensitivity for medium-size aperture (f/10 , f/11 ) bi-axial tropospheric lidar systems using ray-tracing simulation software is presented. The method revisits both detector and fiber optics coupling alternatives at the telescope focal-plane along with the insertion of a field lens. A sensitivity analysis is carried out as a function of laser divergence, field lens, and detector/fiber positions, detector size, and the fiber’s core diameter and numerical aperture. The ray-tracing approach presented here is straightforward and a comparatively much simpler solution than analytical-based methods. Parametric simulations are carried out to show that both approaches are coincident. Insertion of a field lens proves to be an elegant and low sensitivity solution for OVF enhancement, particularly, in the near-range of the lidar.
A 6-channel dichroic-based polychromator is presented as the spectrally selective unit for the U.P.C. elastic/Raman
lidar. Light emission is made at 355-nm (ultraviolet, UV), 532-nm (visible, VIS) and 1064-nm (near infrared, NIR)
wavelengths. In reception, the polychromator is the spectral separation unit that separates the laser backscattered
composite return into 3 elastic (355, 532, 1064-nm wavelengths) and 3 Raman channels (386.7, 607.4 and 407.5-nm
(water-vapor) wavelengths). The polychromator houses photo-multiplier tubes (PMT) for all the channels except for the
NIR one, which is avalanche photodiode (APD) based.
The optomechanical design uses 1-inch optics and Eurorack standards. The APD-based receiver uses a XY-axis
translation/elevation micro-positioning stage due to its comparatively small active area and motorised neutral density
filters are used in all PMT-based channels to avoid detector saturation. The design has been specially optimized to
provide homogeneous spatial light distribution onto the photodetectors and good mechanical repeatability. All channels
are acquired in mixed analog and photon-counting mode using Licel® transient recorders, which are controlled by
means of a user friendly LabVIEWTM interface.
The paper focuses on the main polychromator optical design parameters, that is, light collimation trade-offs, end-to-end
transmissivity, net channel responsivity, light distribution and spot size onto the photodetectors.
The polychromator along with the rest of the U.P.C. lidar system has successfully been tested during a recent lidar
system intercomparison campaign carried out in Madrid (Spain) during Oct. 2010.
Implementation of the pure-vibrational Raman spectra lidar method for simultaneous measurements of atmospheric water-vapour, aerosol extinction and backscatter coefficients is reported. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser provides the three elastic wavelengths of 1064, 532 and 355 nm while the return signal is collected by a 40-cm aperture telescope. A spot-to-spot fiber bundle conveys the light from the telescope focal plane to a specific polychromator especially simulated and designed with care on minimizing optical losses and physical dimensions. The reception field of view, which is limited by the fiber bundle characteristics, is the same for all wavelengths. By means of four customised dichroic filters and beam splitters, light is separated into the three elastic wavelengths (355, 532, 1064 nm) as well as the 386.7- and 607.4-nm N2-Raman-shifted wavelengths, and the 407.5-nm H2O-Raman-shifted wavelength. Signal detection is achieved by using avalanche photodiodes at 1064 and 532 nm and analog acquisition while photomultiplier tubes and fast photon counting acquisition at the rest of the wavelengths. A specific design of the optoelectronics of the receiving channels is controlled by a distributed CPU thanks to a user-friendly LabViewTM interface. User-configurable scanning tools are built-in, but can also be customized. In this work an overview of the system though particularly geared to the polychromator unit is presented as well as a power link-budget assessment, which is to include simulation of end-to-end transmissivities, will be discussed for the main channels involved. The first measurements have already been made at 1064, 532, and 607.4 nm.
We report for the first time an electrically pumped vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) with a microfluidic channel as an integral part of the laser cavity to form a photonic biosensor. This paper demonstrates the dependence of threshold current and slope efficiency of the laser diode on the refractive index of the fluid in the channel.
A microfluidic passive cavity interferometer based biosensor was developed in this work. Polystyrene microspheres were used to test the device performance. Measured transmission spectra of single microspheres were compared to the modeled results.
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