KEYWORDS: Reconstruction algorithms, Signal to noise ratio, Multiplexing, Image quality, Photodiodes, Sensors, Modulation, Micromirrors, Signal to noise ratio, Image processing, Digital micromirror devices
Single-pixel imaging based on multiplexing is a promising technique, especially in applications where 2D detectors or raster scanning imaging are not readily applicable. With this method, Hadamard masks are projected on a spatial light modulator to encode an incident scene and a signal is recorded at the photodiode detector for each of these masks. Ultimately, the image is reconstructed on the computer by applying the inverse transform matrix. Thus, various algorithms were optimized and several spatial light modulators already characterized for such a task. This work analyses the imaging quality of such a single-pixel arrangement, when various illumination conditions are used. More precisely, the main comparison is made between coherent and incoherent ("white light") illumination and between two multiplexing methods, namely Hadamard and Scanning. The quality of the images is assessed by calculating their SNR, using two relations. The results show better images are obtained with "white light" illumination for the first method and coherent one for the second.
Although nowadays spectrometers reached a high level of performance, output signals are often weak and traditional slit spectrometers still confronts the problem of poor optical throughput, minimizing their efficiency in low light setup conditions. In order to overcome these issues, Hadamard Spectroscopy (HS) was implemented in a conventional Ebert Fastie type of spectrometer setup, by substituting the exit slit with a digital micro-mirror device (DMD) who acts like a coded aperture. The theory behind HS and the functionality of the DMD are presented. The improvements brought using HS are enlightened by means of a spectrometric experiment and higher SNR spectrum is acquired. Comparative experiments were conducted in order to emphasize the SNR differences between HS and scanning slit method. Results provide a SNR gain of 3.35 favoring HS. One can conclude the HS method effectiveness to be a great asset for low light spectrometric experiments.
The paper present our first steps to realize a hyperspectral imaging system. Preliminary experiments in the domain have as purpose to test the capability of a monochromator with a 2D linear CCD camera, to create hyperspectral images. Using a Sciencetech 9055 model monochromator with a Hamamatsu CCD, we have analyzed an array of three LEDs of various colors, obtaining 1D hyperspectral images.
A simple way to make physical encoding of data is to use some common Fourier optics tools, like lenses and some more sophisticated ones like a digital matrix detector (CCD, Charged Coupled Devices), as in Fig. 1. Except now the encoding and the compacting of the data is not made using Hadamard transform but a Fourier transform, which has less compacting power. There is however the big advantage of physically encrypting the data instead of manually or digitally doing the computation. The input data may be anything, a note, a picture, a diagram, anything at all. It may come at a moment notice and does not require any special preparation on the part of the operator. One can accomplish real-time encoding. It may require, however that the message data to be made available in a specific format, independent of the contents of the message. For instance it may have to be inscribed on a transparency and to have certain dimensions.
A phase-shifting interferometry method to measure the wavefront reflected from a deformable mirror is described.
Usually, an adaptive optics system encompasses a deformable mirror and a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor as the
main components. However, an interferometric method is suited for calibration and traceability purposes of such
measurements. In this regard, we developed a system able to characterize the wavefront in situ with both a Shack-
Hartmann sensor and a phase-shifting interferometer. The method encompasses a reflective diffraction grating, where the
plus-first diffraction order reflected off the grating was incident on a deformable mirror. This beam was then reflected
back to the grating where it interfered with the incident beam and the interference pattern was collected on the minusfirst
order. As with the four-step phase-shifting interferometry method, four interference patterns were recorded and
processed to extract the wavefront information. The wavefront sensor recorded the wavefront directly reflected from the
deformable mirror, via a beam splitter.
In this paper we are analyzing the coupling between laser radiation and surface in order to set the optimum
work conditions to obtain nanoparticles by laser ablation in liquids (LAL). In this idea we have studied the
effects induced with a 355 nm wavelength Nd:YAG pulsed laser on an aluminum target situated in distilled
water with non contact profilometry (WLI Xi-100) and by optical microscopy (Carl Zeiss microscope). We
have measured, analyzed and intercompared the characteristics of the formed craters (diameter, depth and
shape) on the aluminum target as a function of the laser radiation parameters (incident fluence, number of
pulses).
Azo-polymeric materials present in the last decade a great interest due to their applications. Our materials are based on polysiloxanic chains, modified with different azo-benzenic groups. This new class of hybrid polymer (organic/inorganic) gives a large potential of applications in biology, chemistry, sensors, microelectronics etc.
Due to photo-chromic properties of the azo-polymers it is possible to apply two kinds of techniques for surface relief
gratings (SRG) generation, necessary for using the polymers in enumerated applications: continuous or pulsed light
irradiation. Our work was focused on SRG generation on azo-polymers by pulsed light irradiation, with a Lloyd
interferometric set-up. The resulting structures were analyzed, from optical point of view, by three methods: white light interferometry (WLI), optical microscopy and diffraction efficiency. All determination has been done in correlations with the irradiation parameters: fluence and number of pulses. We can say that the pulsed radiation interferometric patterning of azo-polysiloxanes is an efficacy and controllable technology to obtain surface relief gratings very necessary for the biological applications (cell culture) and optical methods analyses are useful for rapid determinations.
A grating interferometer that uses the high diffraction orders in conjunction with a Twyman-Green commercial interferometer is used for the measurement of in plane movement of gratings. The high diffraction orders ensures the amplification of the measurement precision with a factor equal to the diffraction order of the measurement in principle, because no imaging of features marking the beginning and the end of the measured length feature is necessary, and therefore the resolution limits associated with microscope imaging are eliminated.
Aluminium nanoparticles were produced by pulsed laser ablation of a sample of pure aluminium situated in distilled
water. This technique provides the possibility to generate a large variety of nanoparticles that are free of both surfaceactive
substances and counter-ions The sample was irradiated by the focused output of the third harmonics of pulsed
nanosecond Nd : YAG laser operating at 10 Hz frequency. The typical thickness of the liquid above the target was 10
mm. In order to select the most efficient material removal conditions the irradiation print on the ablated surface was
analyzed as a function of the irradiation parameters (incident laser fluence, irradiation pulses number or irradiation
time) with optical microscopy and white light interferometry. The presence of the ablated aluminium nanoparticles in
the liquid was evidenced by SEM. For SEM measurement, one drop of solution containing Al nanoparticles was placed
on a gold coated silicon substrate and dried. The minimum diameter of nanoparticles estimated by SEM was under 100
nm. The SEM results show also clusters of spherical particles together with well-defined singles. In order to improve
the quantity of the ablated material the irradiation cell was mounted on a computer-driven X-Y stage and translated
during laser exposure.
Ellipsometry is a convenient means to ascertain electro-optic properties, and the null-type methods are particularly
so because they do not require a powermeter. Electro-optic materials like Strontium Barium Niobate (SBN) with the
symmetry axis normal or parallel to the surface are materials suitable for thin film integrated optic devices, therefore of
practical interest. For this reason we endeavoured to devise and to test experimental arrangements that measure the
birefringence of uniaxial structures with the symmetry axis parallel and perpendicular to the surface.
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