The Gamma-Ray Polarimeter Experiment (GRAPE) is a high-altitude balloon experiment designed for polarization studies of transient sources with a long-term goal of observing Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) aboard a series of Long Duration Balloon flights (LDBs). Polarization studies of GRB prompt emission is necessary to constrain existing physics models describing the radiation processes and magnetic field structures of astrophysical jets. GRAPE is a wide field of view (FoV) Compton polarimeter measuring γ-ray polarization in the 50-500 keV energy range with a broad range (20 keV – 3 MeV) for spectroscopy. The novel 3-dimensional geometry of the current design provides GRAPE with Compton imaging in addition to polarization capabilities. The instrument consists of 245 optically isolated SiPM coupled to either high-Z (GAGG:Ce) or low-Z (para-Terphenyl) scintillator arranged in a 7x7x5 cuboid structure. At the center of the scintillator array two low-Z detectors contain a ~25 nCi Co-60 calibration source for onboard calibrations. A test flight of this design was flown on August 27, 2023, from Fort Sumner, NM to validate the scientific capability of the instrument design. We will report on res
The LargE Area burst Polarimeter (LEAP) is a proposed Compton scattering polarimeter that will, for the first time, measure the level of polarization for a significant number of GRBs with sufficient sensitivity to determine the magnetic field structure, composition, energy dissipation mechanism of GRB jets, and determine the prompt emission mechanism of GRBs. Once approved, LEAP will be deployed as an external payload on the International Space Station (ISS) where it will measure GRB polarization over the energy range from 50–1000 keV, perform GRB spectroscopy from 20 keV to 6 MeV, and self-sufficiently determine the source direction. LEAP is uniquely suited to fill a critical gap in our knowledge regarding GRBs, by exposing the underlying physics that governs astrophysical jets and the extreme environment surrounding newborn compact objects.
Microchannel plate (MCP) detectors have been the workhorse detector for many applications, including space borne ultra-violet imaging and spectrographic instruments. Recent advances in additive manufacturing (AM) have enabled fabrication of complex structures with nano-scale resolution facilitating the production of highly customizable MCPs. Using AM to produce MCPs potentially has many advantages over traditional fused glass substrates, including better material control (e.g., more robust glasses or ceramics), better control of microscopic features (e.g., unique pore geometries to improve performance), and better control of macroscopic features (e.g., printing precision curved surfaces for focal plane matching). Through a collaboration with industry, national laboratory, and university partners, small format microcapillary array substrates were produced using a standard polymer photoresin. These substrates were functionalized using atomic layer deposition and their performance was compared to current state-of-the-art Pb-glass and borosilicate-glass MCPs.
The Gamma-Ray Polarimeter (GRAPE) is a wide field of view (FoV) Compton polarimeter measuring γ-ray polarization from transient sources such as Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) in the 50-500 keV energy range with a broad range (20 keV – 3 MeV) for spectroscopy. The instrument is a 7x7x5 array of 245 optically isolated SiPMs each coupled to either a high-Z (GAGG:Ce) or low-Z (para-Terphenyl) scintillator. The novel design provides enables Compton imaging in addition to polarization capabilities, and Co-60 calibration sources (~25 nCi) imbedded within two centrally located low-Z detectors allow for onboard calibrations. We will report on the instrument performance of this design during a test flight on August 27, 2023, from Fort Sumner, NM.
Understanding the underlying physics governing astrophysical jets associated with Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) is necessary to advance the field of gamma-ray astronomy. Existing physics models can be constrained through GRB polarization studies. The Gamma-Ray Polarimeter Experiment (GRAPE) is a high-altitude balloon experiment designed to measure GRB polarization over the energy range of 50-500 keV at flight altitudes. A flight of the newest GRAPE design is scheduled to fly from Fort Sumner, NM in August 2023. The new design is based on an arrangement of small scintillation detector elements designed to measure photon interactions in three dimensions and provide modest imaging capabilities. The flight instrument consists of a 3-dimensional (7x7x5) array of high-Z (GAGG) and low-Z (P-terphenyl) scintillators each read out by individual Hamamtsu MultiPixel Photon Counters (MPPCs). Previous GRAPE missions have been sensitive to M-class solar flares and observations of the Crab Nebula with low signal to background ratios. The new design improves performance relative to the previous GRAPE design through the use of advanced scintillator materials, the ability to perform modest Compton imaging for source localization and background rejection, and by completely eliminating optical cross-talk. Background reduction is achieved using the imaging capabilities allowing for some level of event rejection for events inconsistent with the source direction. This paper will present the new module design and simulated response parameters to provide an estimate of the balloon payload sensitivity.
The gamma-ray polarimeter experiment (GRAPE) is a NASA-funded high-altitude scientific balloon experiment. For over a decade, GRAPE has been developing wide field of view (FoV) scintillator-based Compton polarimeters designed to measure gamma-ray polarization from GRBs over the energy range of 50-500 keV. A variant of a GRAPE design was tested in flight in 2011 and 2014. A new design is scheduled to fly in Fort Sumner, New Mexico in August of 2023. The new design of GRAPE incorporates an assemblage of 245 optically isolated high-Z and low-Z scintillators each read out by individual silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and arranged in a 3-dimensional 7x7x5 cuboid layout which provides moderate imaging capabilities. The cube design of GRAPE is expected to improve performance with respect to previous GRAPE missions by eliminating optical cross-talk and using the instrument’s imaging capability to reduce instrument background. To standardize the development process for the flight instrument, select optimal technology to optimize the design features, and build a framework for the analysis and simulation of the 245 detector instrument, a small-scale prototype instrument of the cube design was developed and studied in the lab using simulations and lab measurements of unpolarized sources. The results of these studies are presented here along with an overview of the 7x7x5 flight instrument and mission.
Incom Inc. is developing and commercializing microchannel plate (MCP) electron multiplier devices made from leadfree glass capillary array (GCA) substrates that are functionalized using atomic layer deposition (ALD) thin film coating technology. Notable benefits over conventional lead-oxide based MCP technology are larger MCP size, high and stable gain, low dark counts and gamma-ray sensitivity, improved mechanical and thermal stability, and the unique ability to tune the MCP resistance and electron amplification characteristics over a much wider range and independently from the glass substrate. Incom now routinely produces ALD-GCA-MCPs with 10 and 20 m pore size at MCP dimensions up to 20 cm x 20 cm. ALD-GCA-MCPs are used for photon counting and charged particle detection in analytical instruments, high energy physics, nuclear physics, and space science applications. For future astronomical applications such as LUVOIR, HabEx, and CETUS, large-area, high-performance MCP electron amplifiers are paired with high-performance cross-strip readout systems and integrated into large format (≥ 50 mm sq.) photodetectors operating in the UV and optical regimes. Incom’s large area ALD-MCP-GCA technology is critical for realizing such large format photodetectors. In this paper, we provide a brief update on recent developments addressing the quality of the glass substrate as well as the thermal stability of the MCPs.
The LargE Area burst Polarimeter (LEAP) is one of two NASA Missions of Opportunity proposals that are currently in a Phase A Concept Study, with a final selection due later this year. It is a wide Field of View (FoV) Compton polarimeter designed to study Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) polarization over the energy range from 50- 500 keV and to measure GRB spectra in the range from 20 keV - 5 MeV. During the Phase A Concept Study, lab measurements were conducted with a small-scale (5x5) prototype polarimeter module. This included both spectral and polarization measurements with laboratory calibration sources. Here the prototype measurements and the comparisons made with simulations of the prototype detector are described. These results demonstrate the basic functionality of the LEAP design.
The LargE Area Burst Polarimeter (LEAP) will radically improve our understanding of some of the most energetic phenomena in our Universe by exposing the underlying physics that governs astrophysical jets and the extreme environment surrounding newborn compact objects. LEAP will do this by making the highest fidelity polarization measurements to date of the prompt gamma-ray emission from a large sample of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). The science objectives are met with a single instrument deployed as an external payload on the ISS – a wide FOV Compton polarimeter that measures GRB polarization from 50–500 keV and GRB spectra from ~10 keV to 5 MeV. LEAP measures polarization using seven independent polarimeter modules, each with a 12x12 array of optically isolated high-Z and low-Z scintillation detectors readout by individual PMTs. LEAP is one of two NASA Missions of Opportunity proposals that are currently in a Phase A Concept Study, with a final selection due later this year.
Microchannel plate based detectors are widely used for photon counting spectroscopy and imaging in astronomical, high energy physics and remote sensing applications1-15. We present progress in the development of imaging cross strip readout detectors using novel microchannel plates functionalized by atomic layer deposition (ALD). ALD microchannel plates have established formats of 10 cm with 10 μm pore sizes and 20 cm with 20 μm pores. ALD MCPs show with high quantum efficiency (>50% @115 nm) using opaque alkali halide photocathodes and very low background levels (0.05 events cm-2) have been achieved. Readout systems have also evolved and now cross-strip anodes and encoding electronics enable high spatial resolution (<20 μm) at low gain (106) and over large formats (10 cm) with high dynamic range (>5 MHz). These characteristics are essential for UV instrument concepts currently under study for NASA including the Large UV/Optical/IR Surveyor (LUVOIR)16, the Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission (HABEX)16, and Cosmic Evolution Through UV Spectroscopy (CETUS)16.
Incom Inc. is developing and commercializing a new type of microchannel plate (MCP) electron multiplier, as well as MCP-based photodetectors such as the Large-Area Picosecond Photodetector, LAPPD(TM), and the High-Resolution Picosecond Photodetector, HRPPD. This new class of MCPs is called “ALD-GCA-MCPs” because these are MCPs that are made from glass capillary arrays (GCA) – glass plates with a regular array of hollow glass capillaries – that are functionalized using atomic layer deposition (ALD) thin film coating technology. ALD-GCA-MCPs are a technology advancement that affords MCPs with significantly improved performance, as compared to conventional MCPs. We will provide a brief ALD-GCA-MCP technology overview highlighting the current state of the art of Incom’s ALD-GCA-MCP technology, as well as ongoing developments addressing the GCA glass substrate, the resistive and secondary-electron-emissive ALD coatings, and their implications for detectors used in astronomical applications.
Incom Inc. is developing and commercializing a novel type of microchannel plate (MCP) electron multipliers. These new devices are called “ALD-GCA-MCPs” and are made from glass capillary arrays (GCA), glass plates with a regular array of hollow glass capillaries that are functionalized using atomic layer deposition (ALD) thin film coating technology. ALD-GCA-MCPs are a technology advancement that affords MCPs with significantly improved performance, as compared to conventional MCPs. Notable benefits over conventional lead-oxide based MCPs are larger size, high and stable gain, low dark counts and gamma-ray sensitivity, improved mechanical stability, and the unique ability to tune the MCP resistance and electron amplification characteristics over a much wider range and independent from the glass substrate. Incom now routinely produces ALD-GCA-MCPs with 10 and 20 μm pore size at MCP dimensions up to 20 cm x 20 cm. The MCPs show a number of favorable characteristics, such as 3x lower gamma-ray sensitivity compared to conventional MPCs, low background (< 0.05 cts/s/cm2), and stable, high gains (<1×104 for single MCP and <1×107 for a chevron pair configuration, at 1000V/MCP). ALD-GCA-MCPs find use in a variety of photon counting applications and are particularly suited for charged particle detection that requires high timing and spatial resolution, such as Ion time-of-flight (TOF), electron spectroscopies, analytical and space instruments, and MCP-based photomultipliers such as the Large-Area Picosecond Photodetector (LAPPDTM), which is also being developed by Incom Inc. In this paper, we provide a brief technology overview highlighting the current state of the art of Incom’s ALD-GCA-MCP technology, as well as current and future development efforts that address the GCA glass substrate as well as the resistive and electron emissive ALD coatings.
We report on life testing of conventional microchannel plates (MCPs) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) MCPs. For the Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission, long-duration, deep charge extraction testing was performed on a Z-stack triplet of 12 μm pore conventional MCPs with a CsI photocathode on the top surface. A relatively low gain (≈1000e-), modest charge extraction (0.07 C/cm2) full-field conditioning burn-in was performed followed by a very deep narrow line burn-in to emulate a GOLD spectral line. The gain local to the line burn-in decreased by ≈20% over ≈1 C/cm2 of extracted charge, and then remained stable (to 95 C/cm2). We also present the performance of several sets of 20 μm pore ALD MCPs with MgO secondary electron emission layers through full-field conditioning burn-ins at both full gain and low gain.
We present recent progress in the development of novel microchannel plates (MCPs) manufactured using standard lead glass and with borosilicate glass microcapillary arrays functionalized using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) technology. Standard glass MCPs have achieved high quantum efficiency (~60% @115 nm & 65 nm) using opaque alkali halide photocathodes. Enhanced performance standard glass MCPs have also been demonstrated with no fixed pattern noise due to construction defects. Novel borosilicate glass atomic layer deposited MCPs up to 20 cm format show good overall response uniformity, tight pulse height distributions and very low background levels (0.05 events cm-2). Spatial resolutions of the order of 20 μm are demonstrated with 10 μm pore atomic layer deposited MCPs, and their fixed pattern noise has been significantly reduced. Bialkali cathodes in sealed tubes show high (<30%) efficiency at ~200 nm and long wavelength cutoffs at ~360 nm have been engineered.
Incom, Inc. is now producing commercially available Large Area Picosecond Photo-Detectors (LAPPD™) usable in applications by early adopters. The first generation LAPPD™ is an all-glass 230 x 220 x 22 mm3 flat panel photodetector with a chevron stack of glass capillary array microchannel plates functionalized by atomic layer deposition, a semitransparent bi-alkali photocathode, and a strip-line anode. The photodetector is being optimized for applications requiring picosecond timing and millimeter spatial resolution and has achieved single photoelectron (PE) timing resolutions of α≤52 ps. Typical performance metrics include electron gains of 107 at 1 kV per MCP, low dark noise rates (15-30 Hz/cm2 at moderate gains), single PE spatial response along and across strips of 1.8 mm and 0.76 mm respectively and quantum efficiencies that are typically ≥20% at 365 nm. Changes to the “baseline” LAPPD™ are under development to optimize the photodetector for applications requiring very high spatial resolutions.
In proton therapy treatment, proton residual energy after transmission through the treatment target may be determined by measuring sub-relativistic transmitted proton time-of-flight velocity and hence the residual energy. We have begun developing this method by conducting proton beam tests using Large Area Picosecond Photon Detectors (LAPPDs) which we have been developing for High Energy and Nuclear Physics Applications. LAPPDs are 20cm x 20cm area Micro Channel Plate Photomultiplier Tubes (MCP-PMTs) with millimeter-scale spatial resolution, good quantum efficiency and outstanding timing resolution of ≤70 picoseconds rms for single photoelectrons. We have constructed a time-of-flight telescope using a pair of LAPPDs at 10 cm separation, and have carried out our first tests of this telescope at the Massachusetts General Hospital's Francis Burr Proton Therapy Center. Treatment protons are sub-relativistic, so precise timing resolution can be combined with paired imaging detectors in a compact configuration while still yielding high accuracy in proton residual energy measurements through proton velocity determination from nearly monoenergetic protons. This can be done either for proton bunches or for individual protons. Tests were performed both in "ionization mode" using only the Microchannel Plates to detect the proton bunch structure and also in "photodetection mode" using nanosecond-decay-time quenched plastic scintillators to excite the photocathode within each of the paired LAPPDs. Data acquisition was performed using a remotely operated oscilloscope in our first beam test, and using 5Gsps DRS4 Evaluation Board waveform digitizers in our second test, in each case reading out both ends of single microstrips from among the 30 within an LAPPD. First results for this method and future plans are presented.
Microchannel plate sensors are widely used as photon counting imagers in many applications, including, astronomy, high energy physics, and remote sensing. Potential future NASA observatories with ultraviolet instruments, such as LUVOIR and HABEX, will require large area detectors (8k × 8k pixels) with large dynamic range (≥1 kHz/resel), high quantum efficiency (75% peak), and very low backgrounds (≤0.1 cts/sec/cm2 ). New microchannel plate technology combining borosilicate glass microcapillary arrays with high efficiency materials applied by atomic layer deposition are being developed with these goals in mind. Detectors with these microchannel plates can be made in large formats (up to 400 cm2 ) with focal plane matching, have high spatial resolution (<20μm), are radiation hard, and have very low background rates (<0.05 events/sec/cm2 ) with no readout noise. Typical sensors make use of high efficiency photocathodes in open faced detectors (< 110 nm range) or in ultra-high vacuum sealed tube devices (>110 nm range). New photocathodes, such as GaN and hybrid bialkali/alkali halide, have high quantum efficiencies over broadband wavelengths. Cross-strip anodes are well suited for large format detectors with high spatial resolution and high dynamic range requirements. Improvements to detector anodes and readout electronics have resulted in better spatial resolution (10×), output event rate (100×), and temporal resolution (1000×), all the while operating at lower gain (10×). Combining these developments can have a significant impact to potential future NASA sub-orbital and satellite instruments.
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has enabled the development of a new technology for fabricating microchannel plates (MCPs) with improved performance that offer transformative benefits to a wide variety of applications. Incom uses a “hollow-core” process for fabricating glass capillary array (GCA) plates consisting of millions of micrometer-sized glass microchannels fused together in a regular pattern. The resistive and secondary electron emissive (SEE) functions necessary for electron amplification are applied to the GCA microchannels by ALD, which – in contrast to conventional MCP manufacturing– enables independent tuning of both resistance and SEE to maximize and customize MCP performance.
Incom is currently developing MCPs that operate at cryogenic temperatures and across wide temperature ranges. The resistive layers in both, conventional and ALD-MCPs, exhibit semiconductor-like behavior and therefore a negative thermal coefficient of resistance (TCR): when the MCP is cooled, the resistance increases, and when heated, the resistance drops. Consequently, the resistance of each MCP must be tailored for the intended operating temperature. This sensitivity to temperature changes presents a challenge for many terrestrial and space based applications.
The resistivity of the ALD-nanocomposite material can be tuned over a wide range. The material’s (thermo-) electrical properties depend on film thickness, composition, nanostructure, and the chemical nature of the dielectric and metal components. We show how the structure-property relationships developed in this work can be used to design MCPs that operate reliably at cryogenic temperatures. We also present data on how the resistive material’s TCR characteristics can be improved to enable MCPs operating across wider temperature ranges than currently possible.
Microchannel plates have been made by combining glass capillary substrates with thin films. The films impart the resistance and secondary electron emission (SEE) properties of the MCP. This approach permits separate choices for the type of glass, the MCP resistance and the SEE material. For example, the glass may be chosen to provide mechanical strength, a high open area ratio, or a low potassium-40 concentration to minimize dark rates. The resistive film composition may be tuned to provide the desired resistance, depending on the power budget and anticipated count rate. Finally, the SEE material may be chosen by balancing requirements for gain, long term stability of gain with extracted charge, and tolerance to air exposure.
Microchannel plates have been fabricated by Incom Inc., in collaboration with Argonne National Laboratory and UC Berkeley. Glass substrates with microchannel diameters of 10 and 20 microns have been used, typically with a length to diameter ratio of 60:1. Thin films for resistance and SEE are applied using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). The ALD technique provides a film with uniform thickness throughout the high aspect ratio microchannels. MCPs have been made in sizes up to 8”x8”. This three-component method for manufacturing MCPs also makes non-planar, curved MCPs possible.
Life testing results will be presented for 10 and 20 micron, 60:1 l/d ratio MCPs, with an aluminum oxide SEE film and two types of glass substrates. Results will include measurements of resistance, dark count rates, gain, and pulse height distributions as a function of extracted charge.
Microchannel plate (MCP) detectors have been the detector of choice for ultraviolet (UV) instruments onboard many NASA missions. These detectors have many advantages, including high spatial resolution (<20 μm), photon counting, radiation hardness, large formats (up to 20 cm), and ability for curved focal plane matching. Novel borosilicate glass MCPs with atomic layer deposition combine extremely low backgrounds, high strength, and tunable secondary electron yield. GaN and combinations of bialkali/alkali halide photocathodes show promise for broadband, higher quantum efficiency. Cross-strip anodes combined with compact ASIC readout electronics enable high spatial resolution over large formats with high dynamic range. The technology readiness levels of these technologies are each being advanced through research grants for laboratory testing and rocket flights. Combining these capabilities would be ideal for UV instruments onboard the Large UV/Optical/IR Surveyor (LUVOIR) and the Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission (HABEX) concepts currently under study for NASA’s Astrophysics Decadal Survey.
The increasing availability of small satellites such as CubeSats have improved low cost access to space. New scientific measurements may be made, and new concepts may be tested for larger scale missions in the future. Particle detection instruments in conventional size spacecraft have to meet significant constraints on mass, power and volume. These constraints are more substantial in the CubeSat platform. Microchannel plate (MCP) electron multipliers are frequently used in particle detection instruments because of their high gain, low mass, and thin planar configuration. However, non-planar MCPs can be used to improve instrument performance and make better use of available volume by adopting a shape that is compatible with the natural instrument geometry. Non-planar MCPs have been made in this work using a novel method, in which a glass microchannel substrate is coated with thin films that provide the necessary resistive and secondary electron emissive properties. The glass substrates were first slumped at a high temperature to a mandrel of the desired shape, after which the thin films were applied. The MCPs were cylindrically curved, with radii of curvature of 75 mm and 20 mm, and with angular spans of 90 degrees and 180 degrees respectively. The azimuthal gain and resistance uniformity was measured and will be presented.
We report pilot production and advanced development performance results achieved for Large Area Picosecond
Photodetectors (LAPPD). The LAPPD is a microchannel plate (MCP) based photodetector, capable of imaging with
single-photon sensitivity at high spatial and temporal resolutions in a hermetic package with an active area of 400 square
centimeters. In December 2015, Incom Inc. completed installation of equipment and facilities for demonstration of
early stage pilot production of LAPPD. Initial fabrication trials commenced in January 2016. The “baseline” LAPPD
employs an all-glass hermetic package with top and bottom plates and sidewalls made of borosilicate float glass. Signals
are generated by a bi-alkali Na2KSb photocathode and amplified with a stacked chevron pair of “next generation” MCPs
produced by applying resistive and emissive atomic layer deposition coatings to borosilicate glass capillary array (GCA)
substrates. Signals are collected on RF strip-line anodes applied to the bottom plates which exit the detector via pinfree
hermetic seals under the side walls. Prior tests show that LAPPDs have electron gains greater than 107, submillimeter
space resolution for large pulses and several mm for single photons, time resolutions of 50 picoseconds for
single photons, predicted resolution of less than 5 picoseconds for large pulses, high stability versus charge extraction,
and good uniformity. LAPPD performance results for product produced during the first half of 2016 will be reviewed.
Recent advances in the development of LAPPD will also be reviewed, as the baseline design is adapted to meet the
requirements for a wide range of emerging application. These include a novel ceramic package design, ALD coated
MCPs optimized to have a low temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and further advances to adapt the LAPPD
for cryogenic applications using Liquid Argon (LAr). These developments will meet the needs for DOE-supported RD
for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), nuclear physics applications such as EIC, medical, homeland
security and astronomical applications for direct and indirect photon detection.
Very large (20 cm × 20 cm) flat panel phototubes are being developed which employ novel microchannel plates (MCPs). The MCPs are manufactured using borosilicate microcapillary arrays which are functionalized by the application of resistive and secondary emissive layers using atomic layer deposition (ALD). This allows the operational parameters to be set by tailoring sequential ALD deposition processes. The borosilicate substrates are robust, including the ability to be produced in large formats (20 cm square). ALD MCPs have performance characteristics (gain, pulse amplitude distributions, and imaging) that are equivalent or better than conventional MCPs. They have low intrinsic background (0.045 events cm-2 sec-1)., high open area ratios (74% for the latest generation of borosilicate substrates), and stable gain during >7 C cm-2 charge extraction after preconditioning (vacuum bake and burn-in). The tube assemblies use a pair of 20 cm × 20 cm ALD MCPs comprised of a borosilicate entrance window, a proximity focused bialkali photocathode, and a strip-line readout anode. The second generation design employs an all glass body with a hot indium seal and a transfer photocathode. We have achieved >20% quantum efficiency and good gain uniformity over the 400 cm2 field of view, spatial resolution of <1 cm and obtained event timing accuracy of close to 100 ps FWHM.
Borosilicate microcapillary arrays have been functionalized by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of resistive and secondary emissive layers to produce robust microchannel plates (MCPs) with improved performance characteristics over traditional MCPs. These techniques produce MCP’s with enhanced stability and lifetime, low background rates, and low levels of adsorbed gas. Using ALD to functionalize the substrate decouples the two and provides the opportunity to explore many new materials. The borosilicate substrates have many advantages over traditional lead glass MCPs, including the ability to be fabricated in large areas (currently at 400 cm2).
Polarimeters for Energetic Transients (POET) is a mission concept designed to t within the envelope of a NASA Small Explorer (SMEX) mission. POET will use X-ray and gamma-ray polarimetry to uncover the energy release mechanism associated with the formation of stellar-mass black holes and investigate the physics of extreme magnetic ields in the vicinity of compact objects. Two wide-FoV, non-imaging polarimeters will provide polarization measurements over the broad energy range from about 2 keV up to about 500 keV. A Compton scatter polarimeter, using an array of independent scintillation detector elements, will be used to collect data from 50 keV up to 500 keV. At low energies (2{15 keV), data will be provided by a photoelectric polarimeter based on the use of a Time Projection Chamber for photoelectron tracking. During a two-year baseline mission, POET will be able to collect data that will allow us to distinguish between three basic models for the inner jet of gamma-ray bursts.
The Gamma RAy Polarimeter Experiment (GRAPE) was first own on a 26-hour balloon flight in the fall of 2011. GRAPE consists of an array of Compton polarimeter modules (based on traditional scintillation technologies) designed to operate in the energy range from 50 keV up to 500 keV. The ultimate goal of our program is to operate GRAPE in a wide FoV configuration for the study of gamma-ray bursts. For the first balloon flight, GRAPE was configured in a collimated mode to facilitate observations of known point sources. The Crab nebula/pulsar, the active Sun, and Cygnus X{1 were the primary targets for the first flight. Polarization results from this flight are summarized. Plans for the next GRAPE balloon flight, which is scheduled to take place in the fall of 2014 from Ft. Sumner, NM, will also be presented. These plans involve modifications designed to improve the polarization sensitivity, including an expansion of the array of polarimeter modules from 16 to 24 and improvements to the instrument shielding. These improvements to the instrument will significantly improve the polarization sensitivity, enabling a measurement of the Crab Nebula polarization to be made during the 2014 balloon flight.
The primary science goal of the Polarimeters for Energetic Transients (POET) mission is to measure the polarization of gamma-ray bursts over a wide energy range, from X rays to soft gamma rays. The higher-energy portion of this band (50 - 500 keV) will be covered by the High Energy Polarimeter (HEP) instrument, a non-imaging, wide field of view Compton polarimeter. Incident high-energy photons will Compton scatter in low-Z, plastic scintillator detector elements and be subsequently absorbed in high-Z, CsI(Tl) scintillator elements; polarization is detected by measuring an asymmetry in the azimuthal scatter angle distribution. The HEP design is based on our considerable experience with the development and flight of the Gamma-Ray Polarimeter Experiment (GRAPE) balloon payload. We present the design of the POET HEP instrument, which incorporates lessons learned from the GRAPE balloon design and previous work on Explorer proposal efforts, and its expected performance on a two-year SMEX mission.
The Gamma RAy Polarimeter Experiment (GRAPE) was first flown on a 26-hour balloon flight in the fall of 2011.
GRAPE consists of an array of Compton polarimeter modules (based on traditional scintillation technologies) designed
to operate in the energy range from 50 keV up to 500 keV. The ultimate goal is to operate GRAPE in a wide FoV
configuration for the study of gamma-ray bursts. For the first (demonstration) balloon flight, GRAPE was configured in
a collimated mode to facilitate observations of known point sources. The Crab nebula/pulsar, the active Sun, and Cygnus
X-1 were the primary targets for the first flight. Although the Crab was detected, the polarization sensitivity was worse
than expected. This paper will review the plans for the next GRAPE balloon flight, which is scheduled to take place in
the fall of 2014 from Ft. Sumner, NM. These plans involve several modifications designed to improve the polarization
sensitivity, including an expansion of the array of polarimeter modules from 16 to 24 and improvements to the
instrument shielding. Sensitivity estimates of the resulting instrument, based on GEANT4 simulations, will be presented.
We have been working on the development of a detector design for a large area coded aperture imaging system operating
in the 10-600 keV energy range. The detector design is based on an array of Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr3) scintillators,
each directly coupled to a Hamamatsu 64-channel multi-anode photomultiplier tube (MAPMT). This paper focuses on
the development of the GEANT4-based simulations as an aid in the optimization of the detector design. The simulations
have been validated by comparisons with various laboratory data sets. We will summarize the current status and latest
findings from this study.
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