Today there is a strong interest in the scientific and industrial community concerning the use of biopolymers for
electronic applications, mainly driven by low-cost and disposable applications. Adding to this interest, we must
recognize the importance of the wireless auto sustained and low energy consumption electronics dream. This dream can
be fulfilled by cellulose paper, the lightest and the cheapest known substrate material, as well as the Earth's major
biopolymer and of tremendous global economic importance. The recent developments of oxide thin film transistors and
in particular the production of paper transistors at room temperature had contributed, as a first step, for the development
of disposable, low cost and flexible electronic devices. To fulfil the wireless demand, it is necessary to prove the concept
of self powered devices. In the case of paper electronics, this implies demonstrating the idea of self regenerated thin film
paper batteries and its integration with other electronic components. Here we demonstrate this possibility by actuating
the gate of paper transistors by paper batteries. We found that when a sheet of cellulose paper is covered in both faces
with thin layers of opposite electrochemical potential materials, a voltage appears between both electrodes -paper
battery, which is also self-regenerated. The value of the potential depends upon the materials used for anode and
cathode. An open circuit voltage of 0.5V and a short-circuit current density of 1μA/cm2 were obtained in the simplest
structure produced (Cu/paper/Al). For actuating the gate of the paper transistor, seven paper batteries were integrated in
the same substrate in series, supplying a voltage of 3.4V. This allows proper ON/OFF control of the paper transistor.
Apart from that transparent conductive oxides can be also used as cathode/anode materials allowing so the production of
thin film batteries with transparent electrodes compatible with flexible, invisible, self powered and wireless electronics.
Virtual and Augmented Reality are developing rapidly: there is a multitude of environments and experiments in several
laboratories using from simple HMD (Head-Mounted Display) visualization to more complex and expensive 6-wall
projection CAVEs, and other systems. Still, there is not yet a clear emerging technology in this area, nor commercial
applications based on such a technology are used in large scale. In addition to the fact that this is a relatively recent
technology, there is little work to validate the utility and usability of Virtual and Augmented Reality environments when
compared with the traditional desktop set-up. However, usability evaluation is crucial in order to design better systems
that respond to the users' needs, as well as for identifying applications that might really gain from the use of such
technologies.
This paper presents a preliminary usability evaluation of a low-cost Virtual and Augmented Reality environment under
development at the University of Aveiro, Portugal. The objective is to assess the difference between a traditional desktop
set-up and a Virtual/Augmented Reality system based on a stereo HMD. Two different studies were performed: the first
one was qualitative and some feedback was obtained from domain experts who used an Augmented Reality set-up as well
as a desktop in different data visualization scenarios. The second study consisted in a controlled experiment meant to
compare users' performances in a gaming scenario in a Virtual Reality environment and a desktop. The overall
conclusion is that these technologies still have to overcome some hardware problems. However, for short periods of time
and specific applications, Virtual and Augmented Reality seems to be a valid alternative since HMD interaction is
intuitive and natural.
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