Spin polarized light is commonly used to sense chiral structures, which are very recurrent in biological materials and organic compounds. Therefore, manipulating optical spin has many applications in bio-sensing, stereochemistry, and DNA structural analysis. Devices that demonstrate spin dependent optical response typically require multi-layer bianaisotropic structures or biaxial crystals. Dielectric metasurfaces can provide lighter, simpler and more efficient approach.
We design and implement a silicon based metasurface that transmit only one optical spin and reflect the other. Utilizing an array of highly anisotropic rectangular silicon nano-antennas with high aspect ratio. These nano-antenna induce two kinds of optical phase-shifts which are independently controlled. One of them is the phase-shift induced by electric and magnetic Mie resonances excited inside the Silicon nano-antennas which is controlled by antennas' dimensions, while the other one is the Pancharatnam-Berry phase-shift controlled by the geometric orientations of the nano-antennas. A planar array of Si nano-antennas with different dimensions (i.e, different Mie Scattering phases), and different orientations (i.e, different geometric phases) are judiciously designed to achieve the spin based performance. The Mie phase and geometric phase coherently interact to interfere constructively for one optical spin and destructively for the other, leading to the differential optical response between opposite spins. The effect is experimentally demonstrated in the visible and NIR spectral range.
Coherent control of nonlinear and ultrafast plasmon-polariton mediated interactions has attracted wide attention for its potential for enhancing functionality in nano-scale photonic devices and applications. Contemporary research in ultrafast and nonlinear plasmonics primarily utilizes noble metals, such as gold and silver, as material platforms because of their high performance both in linear and nonlinear optical properties. Unfortunately, noble metals possess numerous drawbacks including low melting points, chemical instabilities, and an incompatibility with standard CMOS processing techniques, all of which hamper their incorporation into functional plasmonic devices. Here we investigate the mid-infrared ultrafast and nonlinear properties of the alternative plasmonic material, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO). By performing time-resolved pump-probe spectroscopy, we observe an unprecedentedly large and ultrafast (sub-picosecond) response in AZO thin films for both intra- and inter-band pumping frequencies. These two nonlinearities arise from distinct electron excitation dynamics and, as such, can be controlled simultaneously and independently to provide a novel method of dynamic tunability. We demonstrate this phenomenon with two-color excitation and find our AZO films exhibit a THz modulation bandwidth. We also probed the nonlinear response of AZO films at the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) frequency and observed a dramatic increase in the Kerr nonlinearity with an induced refractive index change on the order of unity. In summary, our ultrafast and nonlinear studies strongly support AZO as an alternative plasmonic material with qualities pertinent to the development and realization of practical plasmonic technologies.
A new methodology is proposed to implement laser beam steering with a wide angle of view and 4-5 orders of magnitude enhancement in scanning speed. It is based on light-matter interaction between metasurfaces and mode-locked lasers with a frequency-comb spectrum (i.e., equally-spaced phased-locked frequency lines). Replacing CW lasers with frequency-comb sources expands the impact of flat metasurfaces towards producing dynamic optical patterns rather than only static patterns in the far-field. A metasurface is judiciously designed to produce the optical pattern of a rotating light beam realizing ultrafast laser scanning with ~90-deg angle-of-view over ~100ps time interval.
We outline the recent progress in developing new plasmonic materials that will form the basis for future low-loss, CMOS-compatible devices, enabling full-scale development of the metamaterial and nanophotonic technologies. Novel metasurface designs as a basis for a chip-compatible platform for nanophotonics and quantum photonics applications will be also discussed.
Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) have long been used in optics and electronics for their unique combination of both high transmission and high electrical conductivity. In recent years, the impact of such TCOs has been felt in the subgenre of nanophotonics and plasmonics.1-3 Specifically, the TCOs provide plasmonic response in the near infrared and infrared region,4 epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) properties in the telecom band, tunable static optical properties through deposition/annealing control,5 and the potential for dynamic control of their properties under electrical or optical biasing.6-8 Due to the combination of these interesting properties, TCOs such as In:SnO (ITO), Al:ZnO (AZO), and Ga:ZnO (GZO) have become leaders in the drive to produce high-performance dynamic and alternative nanophotonic devices and metamaterials. In our work, we have studied the potential for optical control of AZO thin films using both above bandgap and below bandgap excitation, noting strong changes in reflection/transmission with enhancement due to the ENZ as well as ultrafast response times less than 1 ps. Using a photo-modified carrier density and recombination to model above bandgap excitation, we demonstrated 40%/30% change in the reflection/transmission of a 350 nm AZO film with an 88 fs recombination time, corresponding to a modification of the carrier density by 10%.6 Below bandgap excitation has experimentally shown the potential for similar variations in the reflection and transmission under increased fluences with a factor of ~8x increase in the normalized ΔR at ENZ. Current efforts are focused to model the material response as well as to investigate electrical modulation of AZO films. In summary, our work has demonstrated the potential for optical control of AZO films both above and below bandgap on an ultrafast timescale which can be enhanced through ENZ. Combining this with traditional nanophotonic and metamaterial devices opens a broad range of high impact studies such as tunable optical components, on-chip photonic elements, and controllable nonlinear enhancement.
The emergence of photonic metasurfaces has enabled a new paradigm of light control through the introduction of surface discontinuities. Space-gradient metasurfaces consist of planar arrays of nano-structured antennas which induce spatially varying phase and/or polarization to propagating light. As a consequence, photons propagating through space-gradient metasurfaces can be engineered to undergo a change to their momentum, angular momentum and/or spin state. This has led to a relaxation of Snell’s law, a pivotal relation in optical engineering, and has enabled a whole new family of flat optical devices. We have utilized the engineered control over photonic spin and momentum to develop a set of ultra-compact metasurface based devices including a chiroptical spectrometer that can be used for biochemical sensing, a polarization rotator with possible applications for secure quantum communication, and nano-cavities to enhance photonic spontaneous emission using the Purcell effect.
It has been recently demonstrated that the field of flat photonics is further empowered by utilizing time-gradient metasurfaces with dynamic responses to propagating light. A new genus of optical devices and physical effects can be realized provided one can overcome some fundamental limitations of metasurfaces with space-gradient alone. Photons experience inelastic interactions with time-varying metasurfaces resulting in a Doppler-like wavelength shift. Furthermore, Snell’s relations are modified to a more universal form not limited by Lorentz reciprocity, hence meeting all the requirements to build magnetic-free optical isolators. Consequently, metasurfaces with both space- and time-gradients can have a strong impact on a plethora of photonic applications and provide versatile control over the physical properties of light.
We report on a numerical study of a new bianisotropic parameter retrieval technique for both regular and complementary
V-shape antenna metasurfaces. Each antenna element with a discrete phase shift is modeled by a homogenous
bianisotropic film to represent the optical response. For the complementary design, the retrieval implies a
complementary behavior of effective material properties and predicts the analogous functionalities. Further, FDFD
solver is developed to integrate the bianisotropic descriptions of each antenna and describes a fully functional
metasurface. The computational burden is significantly reduced, because effective material properties replace the
detailed meshing of the antennas. Experimentally, large dimension arrays of nano‐voids are fabricated using electron
beam lithography. It is demonstrated that cross-polarized light is diffracted towards the same direction. Furthermore, the
complementary design greatly increases the extinction ratio of functional fields to background fields.
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