Electronic Imaging Technology

Editor(s): Edward R. Dougherty

Published: 1999

https://doi.org/10.1117/3.2570046

PDF ISBN: 9781510637122 | Print ISBN: 9780819430373

DESCRIPTION

This book, originally published January 21st, 1999, has been republished as an eBook April 19th, 2022.

This book provides an overview of electronic imaging systems, technology, and practical applications. Written by industry experts, its 11 chapters explore a variety of systems and applications, ranging from video compression and handwritten word recognition to color science and hardware architectures. The text is intended for readers interested in applied, industrial electronic imaging.

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Front Matter

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CHAPTER 1.

Introduction

Arthur Weeks

Chapter Outline +

1.1 Historical Background
1.2 Applications of Image Processing
1.3 Image Formation
1.4 Sampling and Quantization
1.5 Image Neighbors and Distances
References

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CHAPTER 2.

References

Ferran Marques , Philippe Salembier

Chapter Outline +

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Algorithms for Video Compression
2.2.1 Predictive techniques for video compression
2.2.2 Transform techniques for video compression
2.2.3 Hybrid predictive-transform techniques for video compression
2.2.3.1 General scheme of a hybrid encoder-decoder
2.2.3.2 Image prediction for video compression using motion information
2.2.3.3 Block matching approach for motion estimation and compensation
2.2.3.4 Fast algorithms
2.2.3.5 Motion information coding
2.2.3.6 Prediction error coding
2.2.3.7 Frame interpolation using motion information
2.2.3.8 Frame coding using bi-directional prediction
2.3 Current Video Compression Standards
2.3.1 H.261: A standard for videophone applications
2.3.2 MPEG-1: A generic standard for coding of moving pictures for media up to about 1.5 Mbits/s
2.3.3 MPEG-2: Generic coding of moving pictures
2.3.4 H.263: Video codec for narrow channels(< 64 kbits/s)
2.4 MPEG-4: A Standard Under Development
2.4.1 A new set of functionalities
2.4.2 MPEG-4 natural video
2.4.3 Video object plane information coding
2.5 Discussion
References

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CHAPTER 3.

Multimedia Systems

Irek Defee

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3.1 Multimedia Systems in General
3.2 Multimedia Applications
3.3 Multimedia Technology Taxonomy
3.4 Multimedia System Requirements
3.5 Personal Computers and Multimedia
3.5.1 Multimedia extensions to microprocessors
3.5.2 Architecture of the PC mainboard
3.6 Multimedia Terminals
3.7 Operating Systems for Multimedia
3.8 Storage Devices
3.9 Media Servers
3.10 Multimedia Networking
3.11 Software and Standards
3.12 System Integration
3.13 Future Developments
References

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CHAPTER 4.

Vision and Visualization

Robert Moorhead , Penny Rheingans

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4.1 Vision
4.1.1 Physiology of the human visual system
4.1.1.1 The eye
4.1.1.2 The brain
4.1.2 Characteristics of human visual perception
4.1.3 Cognitive influences on perception
4.2 Visualization
4.2.1 Types of visualization
4.2.2 Types of data
4.2.3 Mappings
4.2.3.1 Color mapping or pseudo coloring
4.2.3.2 Contouring
4.2.3.3 Isosurfaces
4.2.3.4 Volume rendering
4.2.3.5 Vector visualization
4.2.4 Viewing
4.2.4.1 Softcopy viewing
4.2.4.2 Hardcopy viewing
4.3 Perceptual Principles for Visualization Design
4.3.1 Avoiding unwanted interactions
4.3.2 Designing effective colormaps
4.4 Summary
References

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CHAPTER 5.

Color Image Processing

Arthur Weeks

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5.1 Color Fundamentals
5.2 Color Models
5.3 Examples of Color Image Processing
5.4 Pseudocoloring and Color Displays
References

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CHAPTER 6.

Enhancement of Digital Documents

Robert Loce , Edward Dougherty

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6.1 The Field of Spatial Resolution Conversion and Enhancement
6.1.1 Other image quality issues
6.2 Document Enhancement
6.2.1 Inferential and noninferential image enhancement
6.2.2 Enhancement by quantization range conversion and redefinition. The contour restoration problem
6.2.3 Methods of writing enhanced pixels
6.3 Binary Image Filters
6.4 Basic Document Processing Operations
6.4.1 Thickening character strokes that are too thin
6.4.2 Thinning character strokes that are too thick
6.4.3 Characters with holes or breaks
6.4.4 Black point noise removal
6.5 Spatial Resolution Conversion and Enhancement
6.5.1 Categories of resolution conversion
6.5.2 Resolution conversion by multiple parallel filters
6.5.2.1 Integer conversion
6.5.2.2 Noninteger conversion
6.5.3 Resolution conversion by filtering in the resampled space
References

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CHAPTER 7.

Digital Halftoning for Printing and Display of Electronic Images

Robert Loce , Paul Roetling , Ying-Wei Lin

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7.1 Introduction
7.2 Historical Perspective and Overview
7.2.1 Analog screening
7.2.2 Template dots
7.2.3 Noise encoding
7.2.4 Ordered dither
7.2.5 Error diffusion
7.3 Visual Perception
7.4 Methods of Halftoning
7.4.1 Noise encoding
7.4.2 Ordered dither
7.4.2.1 Implementation
7.4.2.2 Dispersed-dot ordered dither
7.4.2.3 Clustered-dot ordered dither
7.4.2.3.1 Dot growth pattern and tone reproduction, and stability
7.4.2.3.2 Screen angle and color separations
7.4.2.4 Screen frequency vs. number of gray levels
7.4.2.5 Halftoning, sampling, and aliasing
7.4.3 Error diffusion
7.4.3.1 Fundamental algorithm
7.4.3.2 Modifications of error diffusion
7.4.3.3 Mathematical description of error diffusion and edge sharpening effects
References

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CHAPTER 8.

Document Recognition

John Handley

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8.1 Document Image Analysis and Understanding
8.2 Runlength Smoothing Algorithm and Variants
8.3 Background Covering
8.4 Document Decoding
8.5 X-Y Trees
8.6 Table Recognition: Identification and Analysis
8.7 Form Recognition
8.8 Font Identification
8.8.1 Font extraction by morphological methods
8.8.2 Projection profiles
8.9 Conclusion
8.10 Appendix
References

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CHAPTER 9.

Lexicon-Driven Handwritten Word Recognition

Paul Gader

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9.1 Background
9.1.1 What is lexicon-driven handwritten word recognition?
9.1.2 Why is handwritten word recognition difficult?
9.1.3 Overview of typical system
9.2 Segmentation Approaches
9.3 Character Level Processing
9.3.1 Features
9.3.2 Character confidence assignment
9.4 Word Level Processing
9.4.1 Dynamic programming matching to lexicons
9.4.2 Estimation of word-level confidence from character level confidence
9.4.2.1 Baseline dynamic programming algorithm revisited
9.4.2.2 Robust matching algorithm
9.5 Experimental Results
9.6 Conclusion
9.7 Acknowledgments
References

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CHAPTER 10.

Scanning

Ying-Wei Lin , Joseph Taillie , Leon Williams

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10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fundamentals of the Scanning and Digitization Process
10.2.1 Overview
10.2.2 Scanning and sampling
10.2.3 Quantization
10.3 Optical and Mechanical Systems
10.3.1 Paper original support
10.3.2 Illumination system
10.3.2.1 Halogen lamp
10.3.2.2 Fluorescent lamp
10.3.2.3 LED array
10.3.2.4 Power supply
10.3.3 Optical system
10.3.3.1 Reduction system
10.3.3.2 Full-page width systems
10.3.3.3 Wide body systems
10.3.4 Mechanical system
10.4 Image Sensor
10.4.1 CCD sensors
10.4.2 Contact sensors
10.4.3 Color CCD sensors
10.4.4 Color separation
10.5 Electronics
10.5.1 A/D conversion
10.5.2 Non-uniformity correction
10.6 Factors Affecting Scanned Image Quality
10.6.1 Scanner MTF
10.6.2 Scanned image noise
10.6.3 Motion quality
10.6.4 Color accuracy
10.6.4.1 Color filters
10.6.4.2 Scanner color calibration
10.6.5 Other factors
10.7 Image Processing
10.7.1 Scaling
10.7.2 Background compensation
10.7.3 Edge enhancement
10.7.4 Descreening
10.7.5 Image segmentation
10.8 Conclusion
References

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CHAPTER 11.

Hardware Architecture for Image Processing

Divyendu Sinha

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11.1 Parallelism
11.1.1 Classification based on instruction and data streams
11.1.2 Classification based on instruction set
11.1.3 Cache
11.2 Pipelined Processors
11.2.1 General principles
11.2.2 Instruction pipelining
11.2.3 Case study: convolution
11.2.4 Case study: morphological gradient
11.2.5 Superpipelining
11.3 Multiple Processors
11.3.1 Program partitioning and scheduling
11.3.2 Case study: convolution
11.4 Massively Parallel Architectures
11.5 Performance Laws
11.6 AISI'S Ais Processors
11.6.1 Linear array processing system
11.6.2 Processing elements
11.6.3 Processor operation
11.6.4 Hit-or-miss transform
11.6.5 OCR application
11.7 ITI'S MVC 150/40 Processor
11.7.1 Image management
11.7.2 Computational acceleration modules
References

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Back Matter

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