When investigating magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), interpreting the Verdet constant is not straightforward. The samples investigated in this work are monodispersed iron oxide (Fe3O4) MNPs with a diameter of 20nm, dissolved in ultra-high purity water. . The MNP samples were subjected to an AC magnetic field that enables lock-in detection. A simple view of the experiment would lead to the idea that superparamagnetic particles should result in a linear response and the observed intensity modulation (due to polarization modulation) should have a 1f response only. Instead, the observed behavior consists of not just the main 1f response but also includes 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 6th harmonics in response to the AC magnetic field. These higher harmonics provide strong evidence of aggregate formation at this concentration and particle size. To better understand the source(s) of these higher harmonics and the possible role played by aggregation, we further measure samples in two related geometries – a double pass where light passes through the samples twice and a Michelson interferometer setup that allows us an independent measure the ratios of various harmonics.
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