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Modal interference can lead to intensity modulations in optical fibers, which can produce refractive index gratings under the influence of quantum defect heating in a fiber laser. These gratings are perfectly phased-matched for mode couplings, which can lead to transverse mode instabilities at high average powers in fiber lasers. A detailed understanding of this process is critical for further power scaling of fiber lasers. We have directly observed and characterized this quantum-defect-assisted mode coupling for the first time using polarization modes in a PM fiber amplifier, providing solid experimental evidence for this key mechanism for transverse mode instability in fiber lasers.
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Liang Dong, Fanting Kong, Roger H. Stolen, "STRS in Yb-doped polarisation-maintaining fiber amplifier," Proc. SPIE 11665, Fiber Lasers XVIII: Technology and Systems, 116650S (5 March 2021); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2588430