Ophthalmic imaging by fluorescence techniques is a tool which gets more and more established in eye disease diagnosis and research. All type of clinical imaging is usually restricted to the use of endogenous fluorophores present in the tissue. The excitation and emission spectra of these fluorophores are overlapping and poorly defined. Moreover, the apparent spectra are changed by variation in the relative concentration of fluorophores and by absorbers present in the tissue. Intensity images, even those with spectral resolution, therefore deliver very limited information on the state of the tissue.
A considerable improvement in the field of retinal imaging is obtained by using fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO). The fluorescence lifetime measured by TCSPC is independent of the concentration, and enables the possibility to measure even the weak retinal autofluorescence. Moreover, it delivers direct information on the configuration of endogenous fluorophores, on binding to proteins or lipids, on the redox state, and on other metabolic parameters.
We will describe the technical problems of FLIO data and their solutions, demonstrate the performance of existing systems in ophthalmology and present some results.
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