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Present silica fibres have achieved improvements of the repeater spacing x capacity product over traditional transmission systems of a few orders of magnitudes, allowing repeater spacings up to few hundreds Kilometers and capacities up to a few Gigabit/sec. In particular transoceanic optical cables such as TAT-8 and TAT-9 are expected to cover the 6657 Km distance between U.S.A. and Europe with only about 100 repeaters. Still using silica fibres, a orastic improvement of capacity per fibre can be achieved in the future with multichannel coherent systems; moreover, repeaters' reliability and cost could be greatly improved by the use of optical amplifiers, possibly utilizing active fibres. However, the total number of repeaters to cross the ocean may be only marginally reduced. Hopes in drastically reducing the total number of repeaters rest on the development of suitable fluoride glasses and relevant sources and detectors operating at approximately 2.4 μm (the "fourth window", following the 0.85 μm, 1.3 μm and 1.55 μm windows) or, perhaps, at the "fifth window" of approx. 3.5 μm. Another very interesting development to achieve about limitless bandwidth is that of soliton transmission, which could be applied to both silica and fluoride fibres, now in its first experimentation stage. The paper gives a survey of the progress made to date and of the foreseeable future achievements.
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Submarine communication cables have one of the longest history in the field of technics. During the last 20 years their importance showed a drastic decay in favour of satellites. Presently their future looks bright again as they contain now optical fibers instead of coaxial pairs.
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Optical fibres have been developed to a high degree of sophistication for applications in long-distance transmission. Silica-based fibres have attenuations close to the theoretical minimum at wavelengths of 0.85μm, 1.3μm and 1.55μm, while the bandwidth of single-mode fibres can, for all practical purposes, be made almost infinite at wavelengths greater than 1.3μm. Attention is now being given to the design of new types of fibre for application as active and passive fibre components, as sensors and in other new types of optical circuit element.
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A considerable linewidth narrowing may be achieved with optical feedback. On the other hand, optical feedback may introduce tremendeous instabilities with strong noise. By considering single-mode laser diodes the underlying phenomena are reviewed.
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In Ref. 1 a method has been proposed for obtaining double-layer light guides (glass fibres) with a noncircular core. This method is based on the use of surface tension forces. For this purpose use is made of a double-layer glass preform with a core of the circular cross section and with a coat having the external boundary in the shape of a circumference. The boundary of the core and the coat, as well as the external boundary of the preform, are represented in Fig. 1 by solid lines: 1 is the material of the core and 2 is the material of the coat. Part of the coat is removed along the generatrix, as is shown, for example, in Fig. 1 by the dot-dash line.
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"In this paper the research work on coherent fiber communication in China is briefly introduced. The experimental coherent fiber communication system with Zeeman laser and the experimental 1.55um semiconductor laser FSK coherent fiber communication system established by Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications are described briefly."
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This paper presents a brief tutorial review of the important properties of high-silica based glasses which must be optimized to realize high quality optical fibers for lightwave communications applications, then presents an overview of the glass forming and fiber, fabrication methods which are used to manufacture these lightguides.
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Single mode fibers with an inner cladding of depressed index can be designed to have low absorption, scattering and splicing loss. Dual-shape core fibers with a depressed-index inner cladding maintain these desirable features and in addition can be insensitive with respect to macro- and microbending while allowing wider tolerances for critical design parameters. triple-clad fibers can be produced economically with an inner cladding of only a few MCVD layers and a one-layer intermediate cladding of depressed index which prevents outer cladding loss to add to the transmission loss and, despite a large mode size for low splicing loss, renders this fiber insensitive with respect to micro- and macrobending. Such triple-clad fibers can also be designed to have zeroes of the dispersion coefficient at two or even three wavelengths. The core-index for these dispersion-flattened fibers is only 0.25% larger and the index of the intermediate cladding only 0.2% smaller than the index of the inner and outer cladding. The core radius needs to stay only within ±2.5% and the core index difference only within ±5% of the design values, for the dispersion coefficient to deviate less than 3.5 ps/(nm km) from its flattened characteristic.
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The rapid development and deployment of optical fiber for a variety of applications has resulted in a similarly rapid development of a myriad of components to effectively utilize the fiber. Thus, for example, significant work has been done over the past several years in the development of sources and detectors, connectors, and splices. All of these components share the common trait that they are external to the fiber and hence are not part of the fiber per se. There is another class of components, however, made from the fiber itself. A number of components, such as polarizers, analyzers and mode or wavelength filters, require only a simple bending of the fiber in a specified manner. On the other hand, such techniques as polishing, etching and heating can also be used to alter the transmission properties of the fiber.
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Ion exchange in proper glass types developed especially for waveguide optics is a promising technique for the fabrication of passive integrated optical elements. Fundamentals of thermal and field assisted ion diffusion are investigated. Applications of this results are given.
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A new submarine fibre optic system will connect Roenne on Bornholm island and Koszalin in Poland. The system will consist of three unzpeatered digital transmission links of 34 Mbit/s each, working over six single mode optical fibres.
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Fibre optic technology lends yet another dimensions to the topic of optical signal processing complementing both Fourier plane and digital optical approaches. It is inevitable that eventually optical signal processing will combine all three of these basic concepts. However, in this paper we consider the possibilities offered by the fibre optic transmission medium in the context of signal processing. The unique features of the transmission medium imply that precise frequency domain filters may be readily realised. Furthermore, functions such as matrix-matrix multiplication and code recognition may also be programmed in the all optical fibre form. These processes are essentially linear but the addition of a simple non-linear element may yet further extend the capability of these basic concepts. This paper outlines the general principles underlying fibre optic signal processing and gives some indication of its performance potential.
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There has been recent progress in demonstrating the potential of all-optical devices for the switching of information on picosecond and subpicosecond time scales. In this paper we review the basic concepts of generic guided wave all-optical devices and discuss the material requirements. Fibers currently provide one of the best waveguiding media for all-optical switching. Two recent experiments on polarization switching in fibers are described, and the limitations on all-optical switching which they imply are discussed.
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The national economic advantage of optical fiber communications is an unquestionable fact and shows following results: - economy of copper - independence on EMC - large-scale bandwidth for transmission - wide regenerator field lengths - small diameters and mass and high flexibility of optical fiber cables. The last three given results are of special importance to the application of optical fibers within the network of the German Post Office.
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Some of the most important and latest experimental results are reported. The fundamentals of a noise measurement system are also presented.
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The influences of the birefringence existed in the single mode fiber upon current sensing is discussed. A theoretical analysis of the sensor head, it can be used to suppress effectively the birefringence in the single mode fiber which is wound on the sensing part of the OFCS, is given. The analysis not only explains the drop of the efficient Verdet constant and nonlinear phinomenon in the OFCS system, but also gives the theoretical basis for designing the OFCS system used in various fields. The set-up, adjusting method and experimental results are also given.
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The paper summarizes the development of optical fibre and integrated optics technologies in this country during the last three years, on the basis of the proceedings gathered by the Fifth National Symposium on Optical Fibres and Their Applications.
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Special optical fibres (SOF) are gaining in interest because of their increasing potential applications in optical sensing and (coherent, distributed) optical signal processing technologies. Classical optical fibres, optimized for communications, give much poorer performance of the sensory system than give specialty fibres optimized for sensing and direct optical signal processing. The specialty fibres, or at least some of their families, are technologically sensitized to the desired measurand and simultaneously desensitized to the most of harmful external reactions from the environment. We are manufacturing our specialty fibres using three major technologies - all of them actually hybrid: multi-rod-in-tube (MRiT), multi-crucible-zone-diaphragm (MZD) and mosaic assembling defibering (MAD/MAT). Some of these technologies use, in certain cases, MCVD processes and other high-temperature sub-stages.
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A new method of optical fiber manufacturing has been presented. The fibers are technologically oriented to applications as sensors and components of micro-optics. Unusually to other technologies of optical fibres, here the output preform is assembled from modular optical glass rods of standardized dimensions and shapes. The assembly process gives rectangular, square, hexagonal or round fiber optic preform. Next, the output assembled preform is closed in a vacuum ampoule and pulled to obtain a solid intermediate preform. The intermediate preform can be machined or treated chemically to obtained the eventual fiberoptic mosaic preform. The eventual preform is pulled to obtain a complex soft-glass fiber. Because the output preform is obtained through mosaic assembling from modular rods, we suggest that the technology should bear a name Mosaic Assembling Technology (MAT) of optical fibers and to the fibers we will refer as MOSAIC OPTICAL FIBERS. The greatest advantage of MAT is that it can give fibers of unusual structure for instance with the circular cores and refractive index distribution of non-axial geometry. The same concerns to fiber claddings and to other auxilliary layers, which we will refer to as sensitizing / desensitizing layers. The role of these layers is to sensitize the fiber to useful measurands and simultaneously to desensitize the fiber to harmful environmental reactions. Several basic and more complex forms of mosaic optical fibers have been manufactured to show feasibility of the suggested technology. The major properties of mosaic optical fibers have been presented and debated in context of classical ones.
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In order to obtain in optical fibres these properties which are not inherent to optical glasses it is necessary to try more and more complex fibre structures and materials. More complex interactions between the material and an optical guided-wave is possible in multicore optical fibres and fibres with nonguiding inserts (than in classical fibres).
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The aim of the present study is the determination of the area of the glassy state in the system BaF2 - MgF2 - AlF3 and the examination of the structure and some physico-chemical properties of glasses in this system. The area of the glassy state in the examined system is rather small, but partial replacement of barium by strontium favours its extension. Raman's spectra have revealed that these glasses are built of the octahedra /A1F6/3-. The transformation temperature of these glasses is about 430°C. They are characterized by high light transmittance up to about 8 um, what suggest the possibility of their application in fibre optics.
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The technology of single-mode optical soft glass fibres is developed. The well-known rod in tube technique with multiple sleeving was taken to achieve proper dimensions. The ultrasonic mill-drill was used to prepare different structures: high ▵ , high birefringent, D-shaped, multicore, metal wire/glass compound and doped. The temperature processes were carried out very carefully to avoid glass decomposition. The geometry, refractive index profiles, mode near field patterns and λc agreed with the predicted and material data. The losses were reasonably low, better then 370 dB/km (800 nm). The enhanced Verdet constants and nonlinear coefficients values, high dopants levels and other special properties including low process temperatures are very attractive for fibre short range applications, sensors and devices e.g. polarizers, couplers, lasers, filters.
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A new model of conical shape applicator for coating of optical fibers was developed. This device permits to obtain the speed of fiber drawing up to 150 m/min. The concentricity and uniformity of coating are good even at fiber deflection from the applicator axis.
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The method of determination of water vapour diffusion coefficient through the coatings of optical fibers is described. According to this method a few kinds of coatings were investigated and the dependencies of diffusion coefficient on the nature of coating and contents of photoinitiator are given.
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The propagation of the ultrashort pulses in monomode nonlinear fiber with resonant impurities has been studied via computer simulations. The presence of a definite concentration of resonant impurities in nonlinear fiber are found to lead to the reduction of a distance at which single soliton pulse will be formed. However, the deviation of the parameters of the resonant system or carrier frequency at which the condition for the soliton existence is satisfied leads to the instability of pulses and the formation of the quasisolitons and decaying radiation. Both the quasisoliton evolution and Fourier--spectra are discussed.
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The equation describing refractive index distribution of GRIN structure with minimal aberrations is well known. But the main problem in technology is to obtain such profile caused by concentration distribution. In cylindrical coordinates concentration distribution is described by equation with Bessel functions which can be devided into power series. After suitable addition of its terms the equation similiar to one describing revractive index distribution. was received. Thus it was possible to compare their coefficients. So it was find that coefficients of refractive index distribution can be expressed by value T = D t/r2° depending on technological process parameters. Knowing values of this coefficents, it is possible to optimalize the parameters of ion exchange technology in an aspect of manufacturing the GRIN structure with minimal aberrations.
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Ion exchange method is used to GRIN-rod lenses manufacturing. In this process the ion exchange occurs between bulk glass (rod) and a molten salt. It was find that diffusion barrier exists on a border of glass surface and molten salt. The investigations of this barrier show that it value varies with ion exchange time and process temperature. It was find that in the case when thalium glass rod was treated in KNO3, bath, the minimum of the potential after 24 h was in temperature of 407°C, after 48 h in 422°C, after 72 h in 438°C and so on. So there are the possibility to keep the minimum of diffusion barrier by changing the temperature of the process and then the effectiveness of ion exchange process is the most effective. The time needed to obtain suitable refractive index distribution in a process when temperature was linearly changed from 400°C to 460°C was shorter of about 30% compare with the process in which temperature was constant and equal 450°C.
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A method of fast measurement of parameters ▵ and ∝ describing refractive index profile of preforms and waveguides is discussed. The measurements are performed by means of interference method with plane wave of reference. This method enables application of a simple interferogram scanning, and the calculations resolve themselves into solving of a quadratic equation.
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It became possible to make the measurements of parameters ▵ and ∝ of preforms and waveguides faster by fulfilling the following assumptions: Sufficient and accurate approximation of the real profile is the function.
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It became possible to make the measurements of parameters ▵ and ∝ of preforms and waveguides faster by satisfying the following assumptions: 1. Sufficient and accurate approximation of the real profile is description by the formula.
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There are described the methods of wave front reconstruction by means of optical path difference fringe shift method, interfringe linear interpolation, and polynomial approximation. By way of example, the results of measurements of refractive index profiles for waveguide preforms are given. These results were obtained using higher order approximation methods (of the first and second orders). The method in question, together with computer programs that have been worked out, also permits correction of errors caused by discontinuity of refractive index profile, mismatching of the immersion liquid refractive index to preform clad or waveguide, as well as by core ellipticity (partial correction). The measuring accuracy of 0.1 per cent was obtained.
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The measurement of refractive index profile of the preform or waveguide core can be mad, in a radial interferometer. Two types of radial shearing interferometers have been chosen, designed, and constructed, i.e., double-beam interferometer with prisms and multiple-beam interferometer with etalons.
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The refractive index was measured in lateral shearing interferometer by means of non--destructive method. From among the various lateral shearing interferometers, there has been chosen, designed, and made the one of Mach-Zehnder type with shearing element and compensator.
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In the report the informations about the fiber optic connectors aplicable in local networks with PCS 0 200/380 μm cable are presented. These connectors were designed and made in the Institute of Design of Precise and Optical Instruments of the Warsaw University of Technology. They are used to connect the units of fiber optic links in the expanded light beam and consist of 3 following assemblies: transmitter block with LED, receiver block with photodiode, fiber optic cable terminated with a range of "male" and "female standard. Using this type of connectors it is possible to build an airtight Fiber optic links in the base form ,i.e., transmitter-cable-receiver or in the expanded form with cable multiplication. In the report the accepted final design of the connectors is justified and the works carried out and the future trends are also discussed. The project is supported by the CPBR 8.12 program.
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Optical connectors are essential components of optical fiber transmission systems assuring low loss connection of optical cable with plug-in modules of transmitter and receiver. There is also need for connection of electrical signals to the modules. The paper describes operation principle, construction and characteristics of connectors used in modules of transmitter and receiver of the optical fiber transmission system 8 Mb/s type TCC 120S produced by WZT Telkom-Teletra. The connectors for the system are produced by Institute of Telecommunications. The paper presents statistical analysis of parameters measured for production series of the connectors.
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Optical fiber couplers are used to combine and to divide optical signals. The essential function of the couplers in both telecommunication lines and local nets is the input and the output of the energetical signals to and from the main line. The X and Y couplers, used so far, lessen energetical signals on the main line making impossible the annexation of more users to the main line. The multimode fiber coupler described below makes possible both the great signal's (in relation to the guided power) input to the main line and the output of a small one, but sufficient for a receiving set. The signal in the main line is insignificantly weakened.
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The spectral behaviour of directional couplers with polished cores is investigated. By using the equivalence between waveguides with circular and rectangular cross sections and the effective-index method an easy mathematical model is obtained. The calculated spectral characteristics differ in some way from the well-known properties of the common weakly coupling directional couplers.
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The technological aspects and researches results of single - mode fiber polarizer are described. Single - mode fiber has been polished and covered with metalic layer for undiserable polarization mode attenuation. The extinction ratio range from 10 to 28 dB was obtained at λ = 0.63 and 0.85 µm. The general optimlization analysis of this kind of polarizers is presented, too.
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The production process and properties of wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) designed on the beam splitting principle and edge interference filter applied to the oblique polished multimode fiber end face are described. Insertion losses vary between 0,9 and 1,7 dB, far-end cross talk attenuation varies between 21 and 23 dB, and near-end cross talk attenuation exceeds 40 dB.
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To switch over the light flux in bulk multimode optical switches the light flux division is usually done. In the paper the way of light flux division with transparent electrooptic high refractive index PLZT ceramics is described. The described way is utilized in multimode optical fibre electrooptic switch.
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Application of the concept of the thermal time "constant" for a description of the transient thermal behavior of diode lasers is examined in the present paper. This concept rests on the assumption that the lumped-heat-capacity method is applicable in this case what turns out not to be true. The thermal time "constant" appears to change nearly linearly with time, therefore the above approach seems to give inaccurate results.
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The Monte-Carlo model of a surface light emitting diode is presented in this paper In the model, all important phenomena (including the two dimensional diffusion of minority carriers before their recombination in the active region and the reemission of radiation, are taken into account. The influence of various construction parameters on the operation of the diode is examined.
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Thermooptical effect in integrated optoelectronic may be used for such devices as modulators, switches. However in waveguides utilizing electrooptic effect near cut-off, additional influence of thermooptic effect may introduce significant perturbation. Appearance of this effect may result from principle of operation of the electrooptical modulator (in the electrode system takes place losses of power) or due to the changes of atmospheric environment. This work concerns investigation aimed at qualitative determination of the effect of these perturbation. Planar waveguide manufactured by diffusion technique were tested. Calculations based on experimental data were used to evaluate changes of the refractive index of the waveguide layer as a function of temperature. Also the temperature effects of the transmission curve in waveguides were investigated (by simultanious interaction of temperature and electric field). It was shown that the thermooptic effect has a significant influence on the character and the point of the waveguide operation on the transmission curve.
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Analysis of electromagnetic field transmission in planar waveguide affected by electric field is presented herein. The electric field modifies rafractive index of waveguide only by means of Pockels effect. As a result, distorted waveguide causes radiation losses for guided electromagnetic waves in different way for TE and TM modes. The model of step index waveguide with Y-cut lithium niobate substrate was assumed and calculation of transmission characteristics for TE and TM modes was done. Next some results of experiments with propagation of TE and TM modes in direction X for electrooptical perturbated lithium niobate diffused titanium (Ti:LiNb03) planar waveguide are presented.
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Nonlinear directional couplers with nonsymmetrically placed nonlinear material were investigated. It was shown that nonlinear effects appear for lower input intensities in the nonsymmetrical case than in the symmetrical case.
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The methods of fabrication of some (mono and multimodal) proton-exchanged stripe LiNbO3 waveguides are described, made on the X-cut substrates. An increase in the diffusion coefficient of the H+ ions was established in the area of the stripe waveguides with respect to that found in the slab waveguides. The material was chosen for a metalic masking layer used in the photolitographic processes. The proper time limit was found for the ionic exchange in which the stripe monomodal waveguides are obtained of a thickness securing a minimum energy necessary as to reveal the cut-off switching effect. The topography of the stripe structures was investigated by the diffraction method. The latter method is particularly suitable for the control of the aperture and deflection of the stripes from linearity as well as for the control of optical density of the waveguides themselves.
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Some effective method of localizing the waveguides striped structures is presented below. The possibility of such localization is particularly important then, when a preliminary estimation of the stripe waveguides is necessary in order to find out quickly the absence of any gaps and narrowings and the preservation of their shapes in the boundary regions. The observation is carried out with a microscope equiped with a source of coherent light. For the purpose of localizing the structures on the substrates polished one-sidedly, their observation is carried out under the condition of revealing the diffractional patterns. The visualization of the waveguides on the both-side polished substrates is obtained with the interference methods. Due to a good visualization of the waveguides, the common laborious technique of coupling the fiber waveguides as well as the hybrid set-up of electro-optical elements are both effectively improved.
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Field assisted Ag+-Na+-exchange in a newly developed glass is investigated in order to optimize the refractive index profile to multimode fibres. Two methods are considered to match the refractive index profile to step-index (SI-)fibres and graded-index (GI-)fibres, respectively. The typical insertion loss of first samples of y-branches for 50 μm-GI-fibre for bidirectional operation is 4.6 dB including 3 dB splitting loss.
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The attenuation of multimode-strip-waveguides produced by silver-sodium ion exchange in glass was determined by measurement of the insertion losses of the waveguide and calculation of coupling losses between a graded index fibre and the waveguide. For the theoretical determination of coupling losses a new model for calculation was developed. This so called method of local coupling effectivities provides an excellent agreement between theoretical and experimental coupling losses. On the basis of our measuring process an accuracy of 0.2 dB could be achieved for the determination of waveguide attenuation.
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Nonlinear optical planar and strip waveguides were successfully produced in semiconductor doped glasses by ion exchange. An interferometric method for the measurement of the nonlinear refractive index n2 is presented. The n2-parameters are determined for thermal and electronic nonlinearities in planar waveguides.
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A laboratory model of a cut-off modulator performed based on planar light waveguide LiNbO3 : Ti was presented. The results of fundamental investigations were given.
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Integrated thermooptic switch in soda-lime glass substrate has been performed. The essential parameters of a device are: the switching time is ts = 5 msec, the switching power density 0.5 - 1.0 kW/cm2 and the light intensity contrast 5 : 1.
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A short description of mathematical methods used to calculate the refraction index distribution obtained in the ion exchange method and to calculate the dependence of diffraction orders intensities on angles of deflection has been introduced. The phase diffraction gratings have been made with the Ag/Na ion exchange method and their properties have been verified experimentally. Gratings of that kind can be applied among others for separating light beams in information transmitting channels.
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In this paper some results concerning the optical performance of waveguides formed by dilute melt proton-exchange in Y-cut LiNbO3 have been presented. The diluted solution were prepared by mixing lithium benzoate with benzoic acid. It was demonstrated that dilute melt proton-exchange in LiNbO3 produces optical waveguides of good quality and control of melt composition prevents surface damage Y-cut crystals. For the TE modes variation of the refractive index was found to be ▵nex=0.135 ( λ =632.8 nm).
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This paper describes some results concerning the proton-exchanged optical waveguides fabrication in Y-cut LiNbO3, substrates. The good quality monomode and multimode waveguides has been made by a short p6riod of the proton exchange in pure benzoic acid and annealing of the waveguide slabs at the temperature of 350°C.
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Expressions for refractive index distribution in diffused Y-junction have been obtained. The dependence of the power losses on the Y-junction half angle has been determined and the possibility of reduction of losses by decreasing refractive index in the junction center has been proved. Calculated field distributions oscillate from side to side in the Y-junction and Mach-Zehn-der interferometric modulators monomode branches; taking into account these oscillations allows to avoid excessive losses. Obtained results allow to optimise the Y-junction and modulator's geometric dimensions.
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In this paper the model of the absorptive fiber-optic oximeter with specially designed fiber-optic head coupled to two light-emitting diodes and a photodiode is presented. We constructed the blood chamber allowing the tips of optical fibers to be in contact with the blood under measurements. The absorptive fiber-optic oximeter was clinically tested in Central Hospital for Children in Warsaw. Results obtained were compared with the oxygen saturation measured by the classical oximeter OSM2 Hemoximeter.
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A simple method for hemoglobin determination intended for application in fiber-optic absorptive oximeter is presented herein. This method requires knowledge of hematocrit to be measured in a prior test. The dependence of the hemoglobin contents hemoglobin upon the hematocrit was found by examining hundreds of blood samples in different age categories.
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In this paper an optoelectronic system of the absorptive fiber-optic oximeter for simultaneous measurements of oxyhemoglobin saturation and hematocrit rate is presented. Fiber-optic bundle of multicomponent optical fibers was diveded into four sections coupled to three LEDs and a photodiode. A specially designed optoelectronic head assured simultaneous measurements of oxyhemoglobin saturation and hematocrit rate in flowing whole blood through the specially constructed blood chamber.
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Fiber optic current transformer /FOCT/ offers several well known advantages for power systems applications and pulse current - plasma measurements. The polarimetric sensor is based on measurement of Faraday effect in single mode fiber. Investigations in many labs were started more then ten years ago but the technology is not established yet, The intrinsic , bending , external stress induced, vibration induced birefringence exist in single mode fiber applied in FOCT. These effects causes many problems for the perfor mance of FOCT device. The ways of confirming temperature stability of whole optoelectronic unit are still not fully worked out. The paper presents "state of art" of interfering effects compensation methods and also describes the investigation of standard and "single ended" FOCT performed by authors. Some prospects for the future industrial applications are considered.
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High - birefringent optical fiber with elliptical core was placed inside a high pressure and temperature controlled measuring chamber equipped with special fiber optic leadthrough system. The experiments were carried out in University of Quebec at Hull Optoelectronics Laboratory by using Harwood DWT-35 dead weight tester as a pressure standard up to 100MPa. Linearly polarised light was injected into fiber. Then changes in polarisation state of light passed through the fiber in term of hydrostatic pressure and temperature variation were filvestigated. Birefringence variations were determined by measurements of changes in beat length ofthe siagle mode elliptical core fiber. The fiber was prepared in laboratories of Maria Curie University at Lublin. Based on the results obtained we could determined hydrostatic pressure of compensation of intrinsic stress i.e. ,the pressure for which birefringence is diminished to zero.
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The principle of fibre optic pH sensor operation is given in this paper. PH measurement in 7.0-7.5 range is based on changing of optical property of a indicator. The indicator is sensitive to the hydrogen ion concentration in the water solution. Microspheres of the polymer XAD-2 (a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer) containing bound phenol red were used as a indicator. Such prepared indicator was inserted in optrode. The optrode was connected with transmitter and receiver by a bundle of glass fibres (multicomponent glass). Transmitter was done by using green LED while receiver construction was based on pin photodiode.
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The construction and principle of operation of optical fibre refractometer is given in the paper. The refractometer operates on attenuation changing measurement. The attenuation changing is a function of mode radiation from specially bent optical fibre. A quartz step index, optical fibre with polymer coat and 130 um core in diameter was used to develop the model of the sensor. At the place of bending the coat was removed. The sensors with a different diameter of bending were examined in liquids with known refractive indexes. In the transmitter was used LED while receiver was made with pin fotodiode.
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The principle of operation of the fibre optical temperature sensor based on a blackbody radiation and its construction model is given in the paper. A quartz rod of 0.6 mm diameter and 20 cm length with a blackbody cavity at the one end was used to construct the sensor. The cavity was made by vacuum evaporation of a chromium layer and a silicone monooxide layer was used as a protection. Infrared radiation is transmitted by the fibre optic to the detection circuit. This sensor enables temperature measurement from 400 to 1200°C. The range of measurement is determined by the detection sensitivity and by rod softening. The resolution is of the order of 10-2°C. The sensor calibration was done by using PtRh1O-Pt thermocouple.
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The development of a fibre optic displacement sensor based on two-detector reflection measurement is reported. The response of the sensor is the relation between the difference and sum of two slightly differently detected responses, forming a linear response from diffuse objects. The arrangement was verified experimentally in different applications.
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This paper presents the experimental and theoretical fiber optic Sagnac's interferometer investigation. Theoretical investigations are based on gyro symulation by means of Jones calculus. Experimental, all-fiber set-up was bulit in modified minimum configuration arrangement. High -birefringent fiber 400 m long wound on 0.2 m diameter loop used. Sensitivity of 0,2 deg/h and long-time drift 1.5 deg/h have been achieved.
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Microprocessor-controlled fibre-optical pressure sensor is presented. Special care has_ been laid down to safety in heavy-duty conditions and to simplicity of operation. All-optical gauge for measuring pressure in a range of 0 - 1000 hPa is based on a fibre-optical displacement sensor with a membrane being deformed by the acting pressure. The applied numerical data processing makes the measurement result quick and easy. The sensor is recommended to operate in a combustible and corrosive atmosphere.
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An efficient and flameproof system for a quick detection of the concentration of hydrocarbon gases is essential for safety in the underground mine industry. The absence of electromagnetic interference, electrical insulation, easy handling and miniaturization are all the well-known advantages of optical sensors. The optical fiber cables in conjunction with optical sensors are ideal for the use in the explosive and electrically noisy environment of a coal mine. An all-optical methane detection system (OMDS) suited to an underground mine topology is discussed. The optical fiber delivers light to the sensing volume, collects and returns the spectroscopic signal to an on-ground monitoring location. Remote monitoring of methane using the OMDS offers the prospects for improving the safety in the adverse environment of a mine.
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An optoelectronic method for measuring the velocity of gas bubble flows in a liquid is presentd in the paper. The results of the investigations were used to verify the Zuber and Findlay model, which has founded a practical application in calculating the void fraction of phases in two-phase flow.
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In the paper a review of the research on the optical fiber sensors for the instrumentation of robot grippers carried out at Technical University of Lublin is presented.
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A sensor utilising optical fibres is described which is capable of detecting ionising radiation. Initial studies indicate a sensitivity down to the milli R per hour region. The sensor described will also yield an accumulated dose measurement.
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The idea, construction and the basic fundamental properties of the laboratory circuit for fast modulation of the laser diodes are presented. The circuit based on applying of the HP comb generators makes it possible to modulate the diode by a repetitive or pseudorandom sequence. The sequence consists of 1-4 150 ps pulses with 10 ns repetition rate and can be observed with a sampling oscilloscope. The circuit also contains a bias tee allowing an initial polarization of the laser from external current source.
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In the paper the idea and the practical development of thick film hybrid driver - controller microcircuit for typical CW laser are described. The microcircuit was developed in the Institute of Electronics to meet typical requirements for universal, pulse or analogue CW laser application. Schematic diagrams and results measured of analogue mode frequnoy characteristics and pulse response of the circuit are presented. To sum up some practical conclusions are drawn and a possible field of application of the microcircuit is considered
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It was found that the knowledge of lenght and bandwidth of each individual fiber included in the cables and their concatenation factor γavg allows an approximation of the planned link bandwidth /the value of the γavg was computed from practical measurements/. An approximation made from measuring data from experimental line confirmed achieved results.
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Built around Telecommunication Institute optical fibre link consist of five pieces six--fibers cables of different types /duct, aerial, burial/. Total cables length is more than 5 km. Five links were installed as follows; A - 6,34 km, duct cable, spliced, B - 5,56 km, duct burial cables, spliced, C - 6,5 km, aerial cable, spliced, A - 5,59 km, duct burial cables, spliced and three connectors, B - 6,13 km, duct burial cables, spliced and two connectors. The longterm attenuation and bandwidth measurements of each link were conducted throughout last year. It was tried to establish the dependence of these parameters on environment factors like temperature, humidity pressure as well as check the behaviour of connectors and splices. It was also interesting to check if there are any significant differences between each link due to different configuration.
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As is the case in other industrial branches, automation of production flow lines in the building industry also requires an interference-proof and reliable data communication between hardware installed close to the production proceess and the control units in the control room area. In particular, the presence of electromagnetically inteference-intensive plants compels to utilize the optical waveguide technique for an economically justifiable solution to the communication problem. The special question will be whether the optical waveguide with its advantageous properties as well as the components pertinent to them in the raw ambient process fields of the building production plants will be employable with a permanent operational reliability and how the technological particularities of assembly and commissioning may be accomplished under these conditions. As a result of investigations into selected application cases an optical waveguide communication module was developed and tested within the framework of applied research for being utilized under the hard conditions typical for production. The same applies to necessary assembling applicances which allow a qualitative glueing of optical fibres under more difficult assembly conditions.
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The paper presents a fibre-optic linking system for a measurement and control system installed at an industrial HV laboratory. The indirect voltage and current measurement system is furnished with the E0/0E transducers and FO links. The exploitation requirements on the adequate measurement accuracy and reliability have necessitated the inclusion of additional, digital PO link feedback from the computer control system. The proposed measurement system with the FO link has been installed at an HV laboratory transformer of an electric power station and successfully tested together with the overall equipment.
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The paper presents a fiber-optic insulating link coupling electric power substation with a dispa-tching telecommunication center. The advantages of employing the FO link in the power plant telecommunication system include insulating properties, resistance to EMI and high transmission capacity. The technical and economical analyses are complemented with the example of an application of the link to the 110/15 kV station. The two-directional communication system provides transmission of voice, telemetry, telesignalization and remote control signals.
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This paper presents a fiber optic loop network for a measurement and control system of an electric power plant. The network consists of the central computer terminal, the set of specially distributed digital FO links and local station installed at the important power facilities. The well-known FO link advantages contribUte to high reliability and safety of work of the system. The operation of the loop network, treated as an autonomous one, is controlled by a microcomputer system. Transmission protocols and the cooperation with the local station are also described. The proposed loop network model is illustrated with an example of the laboratory - scale system.
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The paper will deal with the design philosophy of massively parallel distributed computing systems and will give an outline of the network topology and the ideas for the operating system structure. A possible configuration of a fibre optic LAN will be presented, with the emphasis on the highly parallel computation.
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It is not uncommon to find that a reasonably small power laser, the millijoule range, becomes a high power laser when the fluence or flux density down the fiber becomes very high. We seldom see damage in the fiber because the loss of flux density, or fluence, is small due to absorption along the pathway of the fiber optic. However, one does see extreme damage at the outcoupling end of the fiber due to poor surface quality, contamination, and subsequent melting of the cladding. In this paper we show the equations for evaluating the maximum absorption that can be allowed as a function of material and temperature rise at the outcoupled end. The equations will evaluate the thermal shock and temperature thresholds in the radial component for transient and steady state temperature gradients. Defects that are part of the manufacture of the optic and those that are imposed on the optic are sites for preferential absorption. The absorption sites can reduce the damage threshold of an optical fiber because of internal strain and imposed stress on the surrounding environment. Equations are set out for evaluating the amount of flux density, or fluence, that one may be able to anticipate for the particular design desired. Photographs of damage and theoretical curves are provided to allow evaluation of optical quality and diminution of contamination that may be allowed on the optical surface to precluded absorption. A system may be evaluated using the equations to determine the levels of absorption, surface quality, and contamination that must be maintained in order to avoid laser damage on the outcoupled end of the fiber optic.
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The object of this paper is set out the expressions which will allow the evaluation of the temperature rise in real time of optical components that absorb photonic energy through to a depth which is controlled by the extinction coefficient That is, the the photons do not come out the back surface. They extinguish in the material themselves. We, of course, call that absorption. Because of the complexity of the boundary conditions, it was decided that this particular phenomena should be treated as an independent paper as opposed to being consolidated with a previous paper that dealt with similar phenomena in transmissive optics only. The equations for evaluating the temperature rise on the first surface, the back surface, and the gradient in between are provided. The temperature rise of the extinguishment zone and the partitioned zone are both treated in light of the former equations. The Reverse Thermal Wave Approximations are shown in use and examples of the application are provided. In all cases, the one dimensional, three dimensional, and radial distributions are provided for the different boundary conditions that have been enumerated. The cases are then provided with the expressions that describe the thermal shock that can result from the temperature gradients shown. Again, the equations for both metals and dielectric materials involved in thermal shock are provided with examples.
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