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Human skin is a formidible light barrier to non-invasive, transcutaneous optical diagnosis of deep-seated lesions. Human skin is composed to two anatomically and physiologically distinct layers, the superficial epidermis and the deeper dermis. Each contains optically active tissue components including scatters, absorber and fluorophores. Beneath the skin is the subcutaneous fibroadipose tissue that varies in thickness and composition depending on the anatomic site and the person's habitus. Delivery of interrogation light and capture of reflected or emitted diagnostic light from deep-seated lesions will be greatly influenced by the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Diagnostic strategies will have to include careful analysis of anatomically distinct 'normal tissues' before 'abnormal lesions' can be distinguished.
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Sharon L. Thomsen M.D., "Anatomic and physiologic factors influencing transcutaneous optical diagnosis of deep-seated lesions," Proc. SPIE 3250, Optical Biopsy II, (16 April 1998); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.305373